The whole brain atlas of the eel was constructed in the first place by Klüver-Barréra’s staining. Eighty one nuclei and thirty fiber tracts were identified in the present study. Basically, the brain topology of the eel was similar to that of the rainbow trout, the goldfish, the zebrafish, and the catfish. However, some details differed from those of other teleosts. The parvocellular preoptic nu...

Using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, the location of cell bodies and fibres containing adrenocorticotropin hormone/corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide (ACTH/CLIP) was studied in the cat diencephalon. Immunoreactivity was observed in several diencephalic nuclei of the cat in which no immunoreactivity has been previously reported. In this sense, a low density of immunoreactive c...

Previous studies have shown that paragigantocellularis nucleus (PGI) neurons contain some neurotransmitters such as GABA, neuropeptides, monoamines, substance P, enkephalin and serotonin. It has been suggested that PGI is a main cholinergic source in the rat’s brain stem. There are few evidences on the presence and importance of cholinergic receptors on PGI neurons with regard to nociception. I...

  The paragigantocellularis (PGi) nucleus constitutes a large portion of the ventral pontomedullary reticular formation. Neurons within the PGi have been implicated in a variety of functions including cardiovascular regulation, respiratory control, pain and analgesia. Investigators have demonstrated that electrical stimulation and microinjection of L-glutamate into the PGi produce antinocicepti...

It is not known whether different leg positions influence measurements of muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length. The primary aim this study was to determine extension or flexion the affected morphology in vastus lateralis. Thirty-two male professional football players participated study. B mode ultrasound (LOGIQ e, GE Healthcare, United States) used capture images lateralis fro...

The distribution of neurokinin A-like immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the diencephalon of the cat was studied using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. A high or moderate density of immunoreactive neurons was observed in the nuclei habenularis lateralis, medialis dorsalis, parafascicularis, hypothalamus posterior, area hypothalamica dorsalis, hypothalamus lateralis, periventricular...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the vastus medialis oblique to vastus lateralis ratio in two pelvic tilt positions while performing the sit-to-stand task. [Subjects and Methods] Activation of the vastus medialis oblique and the vastus lateralis muscles of 46 healthy subjects (25 males, 21 females) were recorded by surface electromyography during the STS task with anterior pel...

The chronology of diaphragm and vastus lateralis adaptation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not been studied. The hypothesis of this study was that muscle changes would occur earlier in the diaphragm than in the vastus lateralis in COPD, a finding that would suggest that local factors would be more important than systemic factors in determining the muscle phenotypic expressi...

The distribution and properties of receptors for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) were analyzed in the brain of cynomolgus monkeys. Binding of [125I]tyrosine-labeled ovine CRF to frontal cortex and amygdala membrane-rich fractions was saturable, specific, and time- and temperature-dependent, reaching equilibrium in 30 min at 23 degrees C. Scatchard analysis of the binding data indicated one...