In the discourse around sectarian violence in Pakistan, two concerns are prominent. The first is the contention that piety, or the intensity of Muslim religious practice, predicts support for sectarian and other forms of Islamist violence. The second is the belief that personal preferences for some forms of sharia also explain such support. As I describe herein, scholars first articulated these...

This paper examines why fundamental freedoms are so unevenly distributed across the earth. Climato-economic theorizing proposes that humans adapt needs, stresses, and choices of goals, means, and outcomes to the livability of their habitat. The evolutionary process at work is one of collectively meeting climatic demands of cold winters or hot summers by using monetary resources. Freedom is expe...

Three hundred thirty-four healthy male non-smokers and 300 healthy male smokers of the age range 20-60 years were investigated for their spirometric lung functions by the method and technique recommended by American Thoracic Society. It was found that FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, FEF 200-1,200, FEF 25-75%, FEF 75-85%, MVV, and PEFR were significantly lower in smokers. When the subjects were blocked into s...

objective: the role of vitamin d has soared to a pinnacle in recent years with functions affecting 229 human genes linked to cardiovascular, autoimmune, humoral, pulmonary and neurological diseases. relationship between obesity and vitamin d has not as yet been fully established. the objective of the study was to determine the possible relationship between vitamin d receptor (vdr) gene polymorp...

This paper briefly investigates the Afghan Jihad;it’s after effects and main affecters, actors events in a political geographical context. The war Afghanistan started was initially Jihad but later it not because an armed concept of (Holy war) highly misunderstood West its allies. against Soviet conflict termed as “Holy Jihad” by better-organized planned resistance Union interference. Pakistan a...

The sharing of genetic information following the diagnosis of a genetic condition can be important for managing familial risks for genetic conditions. This paper explores factors that impede or facilitate the sharing of genetic information within a sample of British Pakistani families. It draws from research investigating understandings of genetics and inheritance, attitudes to prenatal diagnos...

Correspondence to: Dr Jawad M Khan, University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham B18 7QH, UK; jawad.khan@ swbh.nhs.uk _________________________ H ypertension, currently defined as a blood pressure . 140 mm Hg (systolic) and/or . 90 mm Hg (diastolic), is a common problem. In a western adult population the prevalence of hypertension exceeds 20%. The prevalence of hypertension incr...

There have been few previous studies of the kinetics of pigmentation following ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure, and these have included only fair-skinned persons. The current study investigated pigmentation increase to steady state and fading in 12 Scandinavians and 12 Indians/Pakistanis. Over a period of 3 weeks the subjects were UV-irradiated 6 times on the right side of the back and 12 times on...

Background and Objectives. The human leukocyte antigen HLA-B27 is a class 1 antigen of the major histocompatibility complex and is strongly associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The purpose of the present study is to investigate the distribution of HLA-B27 in patients with AS of different ethnic groups in Qatar. Design and Setting. Study design was cross-sectional and the setting was rhe...