With surface mining of inclined and steeply dipping coal deposits, the so-called deeping longitudinal methods with a gradual deepening from to final depth are widely spread, while orienting front along strike line seams (strata). When using such methods, volumes internal dumping limited or completely absent; there is peak-like increase in overburden transportation distance, land resources distu...

On-site underground background measurements were performed for the planned reactor-neutrino oscillation experiment KASKA at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power station in Niigata, Japan. A small-diameter boring hole was excavated down to 70m underground level, and a detector unit for γ-ray and cosmic-muon measurements was placed at various depths to take data. The data were analyzed to obtain abun...

Boreholes drilled to the bottom of ice stream B in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet reveal that the base of the ice stream is at the melting point and the basal water pressure is within about 1.6 bars of the ice overburden pressure. These conditions allow the rapid ice streaming motion to occur by basal sliding or by shear deformation of unconsolidated sediments that underlie the ice in a layer at ...

Considerable fracturing occurs around the deep mine stopes because of the mining induced stresses superimposed on the high overburden stresses encountered at these depths. The frequency and orientation of fracturing is largely affected by the presence of geological structures, as well as the stope layout and mining configurations. Being able to accurately predict the effect of these interfaces ...

Detecting deep mineralization from partial element concentrations in surface and near-surface samples requires detecting the signature of one geochemical process against a background that arises from many other geochemical processes. Since the last glaciation of the Canadian Shield, it is believed that only H+ can have diffused through substantial overburden, and hence that the only available s...

Shield tunnelling is used widely in constructing underground infrastructure in cities due to the ability to limit settlements and damage to existing buildings. However, in an environment with soft overburden and buildings on pile foundations, the tunnel is often designed well below the pile tip level. There are two reasons for doing this: to reduce interaction between tunnelling process and pil...

Biomaterials and sustainable resources are two complementary terms supporting the development of new sustainable emerging processes. In this context, many interdisciplinary approaches including biomass waste valorization and proper usage of green technologies, etc., were brought forward to tackle future challenges pertaining to declining fossil resources, energy conservation, and related enviro...

We recover the amplitudes of the reflectivity function obtained by wave-equation migration by compensating for the amplitude distortions created by the imaging condition and by the incomplete reflector illumination. The amplitude effects produced by the imaging condition must be taken into account even for simple velocity models, and they are perfectly compensated by a diagonal scaling in the f...