Small molecules have critical roles at all levels of biological complexity and yet remain orphans of the central dogma. Chemical biologists, working with small molecules, expand our understanding of these central elements of life.

We explore the characteristics of households and villages in which orphans are resident in two areas of Malawi. We first review pertinent themes in qualitative data collected in our research sites. Then, using spatial analysis, we show how positive and negative clusters of orphans - which we term orphanhood "hotspots" and "coldspots" - can be found at the village and sub-village levels. In the ...

Introduction The trauma of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is now quite palpable. More men have been killed by AIDS than the total casualties of both the world wars taken together. By the end of the 20 century, well over ten million children have been rendered orphans by this disease. The problems faced by the orphans suffering from human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) and AID...

The emergence of child-headed households (CHH) is considered an indicator of the erosion of the traditional safety nets in sub-Saharan African countries and a direct consequence of the increasing number of orphans in the region. Using four available waves of the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Surveys (1988, 1994, 1999, 2005/2006), we find that the proportion of households with no adults remain...

Molecular pathway data are essential in current computational and systems biology research. While there are many primary and integrated pathway databases, several challenges remain, including low proteome coverage (57%), low overlap across different databases, unavailability of direct information about underlying physical connectivity of pathway members, and high fraction of protein-coding gene...

A positive linear fractional transformation (PLFT) is a function of the form f(z) = az+b cz+d where a, b, c and d are nonnegative integers with determinant ad− bc 6= 0. Nathanson generalized the notion of the Calkin-Wilf tree to PLFTs and used it to partition the set of PLFTs into an infinite forest of rooted trees. The roots of these PLFT Calkin-Wilf trees are called orphans. In this paper, we...