Empirical evidence evaluating the e¢ciency of economic instruments is still rare, despite signi...cant theoretical advances over the last decades. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate one form of environmental taxation, the French tax on air pollution from 1990-99. While starting out in 1985 as a tax levied only on sulphur emissions, the tax base was subsequently extended to encompass also e...

NOTICE This technical report does not necessarily represent fi nal EPA decisions or positions. It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data that are currently available. The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the exchange of technical information and to inform the public of technical developments which may form the basis for a fi nal EPA decision, posit...

[1] Changes in emissions of ozone (O3) precursors affect both air quality and climate. We first examine the sensitivity of surface O3 concentrations (O3 ) and net radiative forcing of climate (RFnet) to reductions in emissions of four precursors – nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and methane (CH4). We show that long-term CH4-induced changes in O3, ...

[1] We present a novel capability in satellite remote sensing with implications for air pollution control strategy. We show that the ratio of formaldehyde columns to tropospheric nitrogen dioxide columns is an indicator of the relative sensitivity of surface ozone to emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx NO + NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The diagnosis from these space-based observati...

[1] The formation of photooxidants and aerosols in the Milan area (Po Valley, Italy) has been simulated for 13 May 1998 with an Eulerian model. The high-pressure conditions and the weak synoptic circulation favor the formation of strongly enhanced photooxidants and aerosol levels downwind of the metropolitan area of Milan. The polluted air masses are transported northward where the highest ozon...

There have been a number of gasoline specifications that have changed or have been considered for change in the past few years. The most prominent of these changes has been summer volatility restrictions, wintertime oxygenated fuel requirements, and reformulated gasoline requirements which incorporate year-round oxygenate requirements and summertime emission requirements. For reasons described ...

Indoor aldehydes may result from ozone-initiated chemistry, mainly documented by experimental studies. As part of an environmental investigation included in the PARIS birth cohort, the aim of this study was to examine ozone contribution to airborne aldehyde formation in Paris homes. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and hexaldehyde levels, as well as styrene, nitrogen dioxide and nicotine concentratio...

The Chinese government has moved aggressively since 2005 to reduce emissions of a number of pollutants including primary particulate matter (PM) and sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), efforts inadvertently aided since late 2008 by economic recession. Satellite observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and column nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) provide independent indicators of emission trends, clearly reflecti...

Simulations with a regional chemical transport model show that anthropogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides (NO(x) = NO + NO(2)) lead to a dramatic diurnal variation of surface ozone (O(3)) in Houston, Texas. During the daytime, photochemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds catalyzed by NO(x) results in episodes of elevated ambient O(3) levels significantly ...

Indole is a nitrogen-containing heterocycle. It is a very important motif in agriculture and pharmacy. Many compounds containing indole moiety has been isolated form nature. It is also an important part in natural alkaloids. Tryptophan is an amino acid which posses indole. 3-Sustituted indoles are the main group of its derivatives. Because the wide-spread application of 3-substituted indolic co...