Bronchial secretion forms a periciliary liquid layer and may also give rise to thicker secretion that moves on the tips of the cilia. This latter material as collected at bronchoscopy or coughed up as sputum is a viscoelastic substance behaving in a characteristic way over a wide range of shear rates. The anatomical basis of secretion is described and its control as established by organ culture.

Animal models are frequently used in biomedical research. However, recently a controversial debate about the transferability of data obtained in mouse models to human conditions emerged. Although cell-based in vitro approaches can be an alternative, conventional cell culture methods hardly reflect cellular cross-communication and neglect essential physiological parameters. Biochipembedded tissu...

abstract background: studies have shown that, with regard to social, cultural, and institutional contexts, several factors affect family decision-making on organ donation. this study aimed to investigate the effective factors in organ donation by family members with brain-dead patients. materials and methods: this was a descriptive-comparative study in which a researcher-made questionnaire was ...