This study aims to understand the functional thinking of 10th-grade students while studying functions. Specifically, we intend answer following research questions: what are processes used by when functions? What difficulties do present learning In view nature this objective, adopted a qualitative and interpretative approach. order these questions, data were collected from written records produc...

According to interpretations of results from the latest oral reading fluency (ORF) study conducted by National Assessment Educational Progress (White et al., 2020), fourth-grade students who score below basic standard require interventions that focus on word recognition, phonological decoding, and fluency. Before such mandates for at middle grades beyond are enacted, available information ORF a...

Systematic phonics instruction in first language education has recently received considerable research attention due to its critical role in facilitating phonological awareness and processing skills. However, little is known about the effects of systematic phonics instruction on foreign language reading and spelling in an EFL context. This study examined the effects of spelling-based phonics in...

abstract the present study examined the effect of genre-based tasks on efl learners' speaking performance and probed whether genre-based tasks may empower efl learners to perform better on speaking tests. a further concern of the study was to explore whether the effect of genre-based tasks on speaking ability of efl learners varied across different age groups, i.e. teenagers (13-16 years o...

OBJECTIVES To investigate the cognitive effects of high-dose oral estrogen alone or in combination with oral methyltestosterone in postmenopausal women. METHODS Participants were tested with a randomized, double-blind design on the Identical Pictures, Cube Comparisons, Building Memory and Shape Memory tasks before and after 4 months of hormone treatment. RESULTS Women receiving estrogen and...

Objective. This study examined the relationship between neural activity and executive function (EF) by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). In addition, an oral reading span test (RST) was used to explore this association. Methods. Fifteen adults participated in the study. We used the RST and simple reading as the two tasks. Results. The RST score and cortical hemodynamic response in the left inf...

RB, a patient with probable Alzheimer's disease, makes continuous perseverations of single letters when writing (e.g. fruit-->fruuit), particularly on high frequency letters. An analysis of her errors reveals that her perseverations do not reflect letter substitutions or transpositions, nor do they suggest difficulty with geminates. No continuous perseverations were found in oral production, in...

Abstract In adult learners’ collaborative dialogue, oral+written tasks have been found to promote a greater incidence and resolution of language-related episodes demand higher levels accuracy than oral thanks the extra time learners reflect on their written outcome. No previous studies tested whether asking attend in both modalities would yield similar results. The present study with 23 dyads y...