To account for the range of stellar metallicities in local galaxies and for the increasing importance of low metallicities at higher redshift we present chemically consistent models for the spectral and chemical evolution of galaxies over cosmological timescales. We discuss advantages, limitations and future prospects of our approach.

Introduction Current NRC recommendations for dairy cattle provide only minimum recommendations for chemically measured fiber. However, physical characteristics of fiber can influence animal health, ruminal fermentation, animal metabolism, and milk fat production independently of the amount of chemically measured fiber. Using ground fibrous by-product feeds or finely chopped forages in rations t...

A simple, generalizable, inexpensive method is demonstrated to synthesize Janus colloidal particles in large quantity. At the liquid-liquid interface of emulsified molten wax and water, untreated particles adsorb and are frozen in place when the wax solidifies. The exposed surfaces of the immobilized particles are modified chemically. Finally, wax is dissolved, and the inner surfaces are modifi...

The atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) reaction of VCl4 and VOCl3 with cyclohexylphosphine at substrate temperatures of 600 C deposits thin films of amorphous vanadium phosphide. The films are black/gold, hard, chemically resistant and conductive. The APCVD reaction of MCl5 (where M = Nb or Ta) with cyclohexylphosphine at 500 C – 600 C deposits films of crystalline -MP ...

Background: During imposed war (1980-1988) Iraq frequently used chemical warfare particularly mustard gas. Skin is frequently involved in victims. Objective: Our main objective was to evaluate chronic skin manifestations due to exposure to mustard gas 10-19 years after exposure in a case-control study. Patients and Methods: 101 chemically wounded combators and 121 non-chemically wounded c...

Five clonal cell strains of an early-passage normal rat liver epithelial cell line were transformed spontaneously using the protocol of "selective culture" condition. Twelve cell lines were established from the tumors produced after injecting these transformed cells into 1-day-old syngeneic rats. The phenotypic expressions of these spontaneously transformed tumor cell lines were studied and com...

SYNOPSIS. On Caribbean coral reefs, some sponge species produce chemical defenses, while others do not and are non-fatally grazed by predatory fishes. It has been hypothesized that the latter may compensate for fish grazing by growing faster or rapidly healing wounds. Rates of wound-healing were measured for chemically defended and undefended tubular and vase-shaped sponges on patch reefs in th...

Cleaning of removable dentures is an important step to prevent cross-contamination and contribute the health patient, lifespan dentures, patient's overall quality life. Bad have undesirable effects such as bad breath, stains biofilms, calculus accumulation in which can lead denture stomatitis, angular cheilitis, poor oral health. A dentist responsible for educating patient after insertion so it...