Abstract Despite growing interest in party politics Africa, the activities and roles of African opposition parties are still underexplored, especially context one-party-dominant ‘hybrid’ regimes where they allowed to operate but face a myriad constraints. In these settings, common dilemma: having participate regime’s institutions protest against them at same time. Existing frameworks fail provi...

like other religions, there are various currents in imami shiite in the first centuries. this article, relying on discourse analysis and by concentrating on oppositions, attempts to identify the internal shiite currents in iraq and iran in the second and third centuries. according to historical evidences, the opposition between school of hisham ibn al-hakam and majority of shia, which was schoo...

The stability of a leadership against a growing internal opposition is studied in bottom-up hierarchical organizations. Using a very simple model with bottom-up majority rule voting, the dynamics of power distribution at the various hierarchical levels is calculated within a probabilistic framework. Given a leadership at the top, the opposition weight from the hierarchy bottom is shown to fall ...