3 Omission, action, and related issues 4 3.1 Determinants of omission bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.1.1 Perceived causality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.1.2 Physical proximity, contact, and personal force . . . . . . 6 3.1.3 Protected values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2 Related biases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...