background and aim: the normal response of h-reflex depression (hd) was reduced in chronic spinal cord injury (sci) patients. the reduction of this normal response can lead to increase the muscle tone and spasticity. the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of tripolar cathodal stimulation on hd in sci patients.   materials and methods: this study was conducted in 10 volunteered s...

background & aim: a gag reflex (gr) can be a problem to compliance and delivery of dental treatment. the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of diospyros kaki l. fruit extract in controlling gag reflex during dental treatment. experimental: our study was a randomized double blind controlled trial with convenient sampling on 84 patients that is candidate for radiographic procedures in ...

  Background: Several prognostic factors exist influencing the outcome of surgical discectomy in the patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH). The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between severity of preoperative impaired ankle reflex and outcomes of lumbar discectomy in the patients with L5-S1 LDH. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 181 patients (108 male and 73 female) w...

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate if leg cycling could reduce lower extremity spasticity in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). In addition, we investigated whether the intervention cause changes modulation presynaptic inhibition. Methods: This a quasi-experimental study, pretest–posttest for 1 group. Participants experiment were eight adult CP spasticity. Spasticity parame...

the aim of this investigation is to compare the effect of applying two transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (tens) current with different frequencies (2 hz & 100 hz) on hoffmann reflex recorded from gastrosoleus muscle of healthy people. forty female subjects between 20 to 30 years of age were participated in this quasi-experimental design. twenty of them were exposed to the 100 hz curre...

Objective: whether gag reflex, a common problem encountered during dental procedures, is associated with the different types of soft palate has not been addressed so far. This preliminary study sought to assess potential association between and reflex. Material Methods: one hundred patients were recruited. The type was determined. Subjective (self-reported) reflex recorded based on many questio...

A reflex is an involuntary physiological response evoked by external stimuli. Robert Whytt, though he believed in the spirit, identified neural pathways that elicit some actions, including pupillary light reflex. Bell and Magendie found ventral dorsal spinal roots responsible for separate motor sensory functions. Marshall Hall elucidated medullary control of complex behaviors. Charles Sherringt...

Sternutatio (sneeze) is a poorly understood polysynaptic physiologic reflex phenomenon; even less are some variations of the such as photic sneeze (photo-sternutatory reflex), sneezing induced by bright light, overeating, plucking eyebrows (palpebro-sternutatory reflex) and paroxysmal sneezing, episodes intractable sneezing. The present contribution reviews various aspects patho-physiology its ...