Intrauterine infections are important causes of childhood blindness in both developed and developing countries. Chorioretinal scars are the most characteristic eye manifestation of a congenital or prenatal infection. The various ocular manifestations of congenital infections, summarized by the mnemonic TORCH, and recent additions to the "other" category (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and W...

We report a case of successive bilateral retinal vein occlusion in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive male with multicentric Castleman's disease treated successfully with a single injection of intravitreal bevacizumab. Castleman's disease should be a differential diagnosis of occlusive retinovascular disease and, occasionally, ocular manifestation can lead to systemic diagnosis.

There appears to be a re-emergence of syphilis in recent times despite a steady decline in incidence for the past decade. Diagnosis of syphilis can be clinically challenging and ocular manifestations of syphilis have a myriad of presentations and severity. Ocular syphilis can occur at any stage of the disease and may also be the only presenting sign of syphilis. We report a case of acute unilat...

Cogan syndrome is a rare disease characterized by coexisting audiovestibular and ocular symptoms. Almost half of patients develop systemic manifestations. We report the case of a 38-year-old woman who presented with severe medium and large vessel vasculitis as a systemic manifestation of Cogan syndrome.

In this report, we evaluated the case history of a patient with longstanding chronic pharyngitis who had periodic clinical manifestation for three years after a flu vaccine administration, and after various treatments tried to resolve the chronic pharyngitis with unsuccessful antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapies. The patient occasionally presented a slight ocular inflammation, while dysur...

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare disease caused by chronic, uncontrolled activation of the alternative complement pathway, leading to thrombotic microangiopathy. Renal impairment and progression to end-stage renal disease are common in untreated patients with aHUS, and extrarenal manifestations are being increasingly characterized in the literature. Ocular involvement remains...

Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome (POGS) is an ocular granulomatous inflammatory condition characterized by unilateral follicular bulbar or palpebral conjunctivitis. Although POGS often presents as an atypical manifestation of cat scratch disease (CSD), other infectious and autoimmune etiologies have been described. Due to the rare nature of this ocular syndrome and scarcity of literature on thi...

Ocular manifestations of lymphoma are described in humans and dogs but rarely in cats. In this prospective study, cats with newly diagnosed and treatment-naïve lymphoma were evaluated concerning clinical stage and ophthalmologic findings. Twenty-six cats were included. In 12 cats (48%), ocular changes were documented. Uveitis anterior and posterior were predominant findings, being present in 58...

Extramedullary localisation is an uncommon manifestation in multiple myeloma (MM). Ocular involvement is rare. Here, we describe a relapse of MM with bilateral retro-orbital localisation without any bone involvement with good and rapid response to therapy with lenalidomide, dexamethasone, and cyclophosphamide.

A 51-year-old male presented with a three-months history of a raised lesion in the inferior eyelid of the right eye and small nodules of dark red colour present on his nose. The ocular lesion initially diagnosed as an ocular angioma, failed to respond to treatment and required further medical examinations and an immunological consult. A positive test for HIV, lower CD4 cell count (148cells/ml),...