The human body harbors within it an intricate and delicate balance between oxidants and antioxidants. Any disruption in this checks-and-balances system can lead to harmful consequences in various organs and tissues, such as the eye. This review focuses on the effects of oxidative stress and the role of a particular antioxidant system-the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway-on ocular diseases, specifically a...

In 1771, Guillaume Pellier de Quengsy,1 an ophthalmologist, proposed for the first time the possibility of substituting opacifie corneal tissue by “an artificial cornea”. The proposal was for transparent glass plates to substitute the opaque cornea in order to enhance the transparency of optic media. Improvements in topical and systemic immunosuppression and limbus transplant techniques for tre...

It has been demonstrated that the balance between proteases and protease-inhibitors system plays a key role in maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis. Indeed, its alteration has been involved in many ocular and systemic diseases. In particular, research has focused on keratoconus, corneal wounds and ulcers, keratitis, endophthalmitis, age-related macular degeneration, Sorsby fundus dystrop...

In pharmaceutical companies and research institutes, many toxicity tests are performed with laboratory animals. This study was performed to produce reference data for eye toxicity tests and to investigate the ophthalmic diseases of 408 ICR mice and 119 BALB/c mice, which are commonly used as subjects in toxicity tests. The experimental animals without clinical disorders were selected regardless...

PURPOSE To review the current literature on ocular application of erythropoietin (EPO). METHODS A comprehensive search was performed on Pubmed and Scopus databases. All selected articles were reviewed thoroughly by the authors to review current applications of the EPO in ocular diseases. RESULTS Various aspects of administration of EPO for different ischemic, traumatic, vascular, and degene...

Various ocular disorders remain a major concern for medical care providers and health policy makers. Only in the US more than 6.6 million people were affected by blindness in 2011 (1). Meanwhile, even though people mostly inhabit low or moderate altitudes, about 140 million people worldwide live above 2500 meters (2). Therefore, association between various vision disorders and high altitude rem...

As manifestações oculares que podem ocorrer em pacientes com doenças reumáticas e algumas das opções terapêuticas atuais têm sido objeto de publicações científicas. Vale lembrar que a incidência de doenças sistêmicas em uveíte chega a 40% e que em grande parte as uveítes são causadas pelas doenças reumáticas. Medicações que incluem corticosteróides, imunossupressores e agentes biológicos, utili...

Inflammation of the eye is often times seen in association with systemic inflammatory diseases. Understanding the various forms of ocular involvement in these conditions is important as untreated ophthalmic involvement can lead to severe vision loss. In addition to providing a basic framework for diagnosis and treatment, this review will highlight the ocular manifestations of the following syst...

This comprehensive review discusses immunotherapeutic approaches to ocular inflammatory diseases, updates information provided in the literature, and presents clinical experiences with an emphasis on autoimmune uveitis at the National Eye Institute, United States. Current medical and surgical therapeutic approaches, including medications such as corticosteroids, anti-metabolites, alkylating age...

Intravitreous injection is a widely used technique in visual sciences research. It can be used to establish animal models with ocular diseases or as direct application of local treatment. This video introduces how to use simple and inexpensive tools to finish the intravitreous injection procedure. Use of a 1 ml syringe, instead of a Hamilton syringe, is used. Practical tips for how to make appr...