It is known that the observability of a system depends crucially on the choice of the observable. Locally, such a feature results directly from the couplings between the dynamical variables (globally, it will also depend on symmetry). Using a feedback circuit description, it is shown how the location of the nonlinearity can affect the observability of a system. A graphical interpretation is int...

We revisit the question of microcausality violations in quantum field theory on noncommutative spacetime, taking O(x) =: φ⋆φ : (x) as a sample observable. Using methods of the theory of distributions, we precisely describe the support properties of the commutator [O(x),O(y)] and prove that, in the case of spacespace noncommutativity, it does not vanish at spacelike separation in the noncommutin...

A new method for calculating vocabulary size as a function of text length is discussed. The vocabulary growth is treated as a probabilistic process governed by the principle of "the restriction of variety" of lexics. Proceeding from the basic model of the vocabulary-text relation a formula with good descriptive power is constructed. The statistical fit and the possibilities of extrapolation bey...

We consider diffraction at random point scatterers on general discrete point sets inR , restricted to a finite volume. We allow for random amplitudes and random dislocations of the scatterers. We investigate the speed of convergence of the random scattering measures applied to an observable towards its mean, when the finite volume tends to infinity. We give an explicit universal large deviation...

We revisit the question of microcausality violations in quantum field theory on noncommutative spacetime, taking O(x) =: φ⋆φ : (x) as a sample observable. Using methods of the theory of distributions, we precisely describe the support properties of the commutator [O(x),O(y)] and prove that, in the case of spacespace noncommutativity, it does not vanish at spacelike separation in the noncommutin...

The physical “continuum” is being modeled as a complex of events interconnected by the relation of extension and forming an abstract partially ordered structure. Operational physical procedures for discerning observable events assume their existence and validity locally, by coordinatizing the informational content of those observable events in terms of real-valued local observables. The localiz...

Robots navigating in a social way should reason about people intentions when acting. For instance, in applications like robot guidance or meeting with a person, the robot has to consider the goals of the people. Intentions are inherently non-observable, and thus we propose Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) as a decisionmaking tool for these applications. One of the issues ...

Recently, Duminil-Copin and Smirnov proved a long-standing conjecture of Nienhuis that the connective constant of self-avoiding walks (SAWs) on the honeycomb lattice is √ 2 +√2. A key identity used in that proof depends on the existence of a parafermionic observable for SAWs on the honeycomb lattice. Despite the absence of a corresponding observable for SAWs on the square and triangular lattice...

Current production systems produce a wealth of information in the form of protocols, which is hardly exploited, often due to a lack of appropriate analysis methods. Hidden non-Markovian Models attempt to relieve this problem. They enable the analysis of not observable systems only based on recorded output. The paper implements and tests solution algorithms based on the original Hidden Markov Mo...

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are one of the most popular and successful statistical models for time series. Observable operator models (OOMs) are generalizations of HMMs that exhibit several attractive advantages. In particular, a variety of highly efficient, constructive, and asymptotically correct learning algorithms are available for OOMs. However, the OOM theory suffers from the negative pro...