Nutrient losses from headwater catchments (<50 km2) cause eutrophication problems downstream. Catchment properties are strongly reflected in the levels of nutrient concentrations streams. Based on measurements total and dissolved nitrogen (TN, DN) phosphorus (TP, DP) 235 small streams, we showed that proportion arable land a catchment had strongest positive effect concentrations, with coefficie...

BACKGROUND Food web composition and resource levels can influence ecosystem properties such as productivity and elemental cycles. In particular, herbivores occupy a central place in food webs as the species richness and composition of this trophic level may simultaneously influence the transmission of resource and predator effects to higher and lower trophic levels, respectively. Yet, these int...

forests are an important economic source for human and have key role in nutrient cycle, hydrology and ecosystem performance, any interference in this vital ecosystem causes to damage to forests. mechanical logging and road construction in forest areas have led to much soil compaction. soil physical and chemical properties were studied in parts of road and non-road in the darabkola forest of ira...