Autophagy is an intracellular recycling route in eukaryotes whereby organelles and cytoplasm are sequestered in vesicles, which are subsequently delivered to the vacuole for breakdown. The process is induced by various nutrient-responsive signaling cascades converging on the Autophagy-Related1 (ATG1)/ATG13 kinase complex. Here, we describe the ATG1/13 complex in Arabidopsis thaliana and show th...

We report results from a series of studies coevolving players for simple Rock–Paper–Scissors games. These results demonstrate that “Current Individual versus Ancestral Opponent” (CIAO) plots, which have been proposed as a visualization technique for detecting both coevolutionary progress and coevolutionary cycling, suffer from ambiguity with respect to an important but rarely discussed class of...

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The temporal distribution of soil nutrients is heterogeneous, and thus the uptake, storage and later remobilization of brief nutrient pulses may be critical for growth in nutrient-limited habitats. We investigated the response of 2-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings receiving a low nutrient supply to a 15-day nutrient pulse (containing 250 ppm nitrogen (N) as ...

The diversity and composition of ecological communities often co-vary with ecosystem productivity. However, the relative importance of productivity, or resource abundance, versus the spatial distribution of resources in shaping those ecological patterns is not well understood, particularly for the bacterial communities that underlie most important ecosystem functions. Increasing ecosystem produ...

Nutrient cycling is a ubiquitous feature of ecosystems at all scales, allowing productivity to rise beyond the limits set by external nutrient inputs. Nutrient cycling occurs as a side-effect of the metabolism of a diverse set of species that each performs a step in the recycling loop. Recycling loops can be large and involve many steps. At each step the possibility exists for ‘side-reactions’ ...

The emergence of third-generation, technology-based public bikeshare schemes offers new opportunities for researching cycling behaviour. In this study, data from one such scheme, the London Cycle Hire Scheme (LCHS), are analysed. Algorithms are developed for summarising and labelling cyclists’ usage behaviours and tailored visual analysis applications are designed for exploring their spatiotemp...

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