Urbanization is causing fragmentation of natural areas and impacting urban wildlife populations. Sustainability their habitat in arboriculture has focused on three key areas: retaining snags beneficial-tree features (e.g., hollows/cavities), education arborists the public, adoption systems-level thinking into (i.e., consideration risk matrices pruning objectives). We surveyed 805 using an inter...

Large wildfire events in coniferous forests of the western United States are often followed by postfire timber harvest. The long-term impacts of postfire timber harvest on fire-associated cavity-nesting bird species are not well documented. We studied nest-site selection by cavity-nesting birds over a 10-year period (1994–2003), representing 1–11 years after fire, on two burns created by mixed ...

Abstract Background Snags (standing dead trees) are important biological legacies in forest systems, providing numerous resources as well a record of recent tree mortality. From 1997 to 2017, we monitored snag populations drought-influenced mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine ( Pinus ) forests northern Arizona. Results Snag density increased significantly both types. This increase was driven large...

The first stage in an adaptive finite element scheme (cf. [CAS95, bor1]) consists in creating an initial mesh of a given domain Ω, which is used to perform an initial computation (for example a flow solver). A size specification field is deduced (e.g. at the vicinity of each mesh vertex, the desired mesh size is specified), based on the numerical results. If the mesh does not satisfy the size s...