Amaryllidaceae is a well-known family for its high alkaloidal content. These alkaloids comprise a unique group of bases that have been found to occur in this family. The Amaryllidaceae alkaloids represent a large and still expanding group of isoquinoline alkaloids, the majority of which are not known to occur in any other family of plants This article reports on the phytochemical investigation ...

Diatoms are an important component of submarine biogenic sediments and often used for carrying out palaeoceanographical reconstructions. To understand the relationship between diatoms environment in western equatorial Pacific, from Holocene northern West Caroline Basin were selected analysis. We made quantitative statistics on divided diatom assemblages through cluster A total 53 species or var...

Biological effects of extracts obtained from the seaweeds Hormophysa cuneiformis (J.F.Gmelin) P.C.Silva and Actinotrichia fragilis (Forsskål) Bùrgesen were investigated using wheat for improvement growth amelioration negative soil salinity. Exposure plants to salt stress resulted in an overall decrease growth, chlorophyll a b, carotenoids soluble sugars, as well nutrient uptake (i.e., K, Ca Mg)...

human mitochondrial dna (mtdna) is 16,569 base pairs (bp) in length, coding for 37 genes. during the course of evolution, nearly all the genes expressing ribosomal proteins and ribosomal rnas (rrna) genes have been transferred from the mitochondria to the nucleus. however, mitochondrial dna contains two ribosomal rnas genes (12s and 16s), which have not yet transferred to the nucleus. these two...

abstract gaba is a neurotransmitter that is an essential role in the inhibition of pain and gaba signals responsible for chronic pain. parabrachial nucleus is involved in cognitive and emotional aspects of pain. the purpose of this study is to evaluate the inhibitory effect of bicuculline on the fusiform neurons of the parabrachial nucleus on tonic pain model in rats. in this study, 35 male wis...

introduction: drugs of abuse such as nicotine and morphine used systemically by addicts produce their effects via the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. furthermore, evidence indicates that some behavioral effects of nicotine and morphine are mediated by nitric oxide (no). based on these observations, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of intra-nucleus accumbens (nac) inj...

introduction: gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (gnih) and agouti-related peptide (agrp) are orexigenic peptides expressed in the arcuate nucleus (arc) of the hypothalamus in the ewe. in addition, effects of gnih and agrp on the regulation of gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion have been shown in some mammals. the objective of the present study was to investigate the coexpression of gnih and...

the parafascicular nucleus (pfn) of thalamus, as a supraspinal structure, has an important role in processing of nociceptive information. in addition, μ-opioid receptor contributes to supraspinal modulation of nociception. in the present study, the effects of microinjection of naloxone (a non-specific opioid-receptor antagonist) and naloxonazine (a specific μ-opioid receptor antagonist) were in...