Since 2018, an increasing number of Iran-backed armed groups have started to be integrated into the Syrian and Iraqi official forces. The integration allows Tehran enjoy a multi-layered, longer-term, potentially less expensive influence in Iraq Syria. Besides, underlying ideological ideational ties between Iran continue affect their strategic choices. Meanwhile, order preserve its ability direc...

An Euclidean graph associated with a molecule is defined by a weighted graph with adjacency matrix M = [dij], where for ij, dij is the Euclidean distance between the nuclei i and j. In this matrix dii can be taken as zero if all the nuclei are equivalent. Otherwise, one may introduce different weights for distinct nuclei. Balaban introduced some monster graphs and then Randic computed complexit...

OBJECTIVES To describe the international epidemiology of the homicide of media workers, and investigate country-level risk factors. METHODS Data on the homicides occurring from 2002 to 2006 were collected and collated from five international databases. Analyses included consideration of seven existing international indices relating to human development, and to the social and political functio...

The paper offers a framework to identify the most important generative processes of terrorist campaigns. It focuses on links between macro and micro levels involving a plurality of agents, the most important being armed groups, insurgency collaborators, and active fighters, and, at the same time, three kinds of causal or social mechanisms. These are: situational mechanisms that ide...

in more than 2000 catchments. Intangible benefits included the development or strengthening of community agroforestry and the sense of commitment from campesinos, probably enhanced by increased property values at the project sites. Rodŕıguez acknowledges the limits of this approach in conserving biodiversity and devotes some thoughts as to how similar strategies could apply to other ecosystems ...

This work studies the last twenty-six years of civil war in Myanmar. Since the country bears several correlates of war such as poor economic performance, rugged terrain, lack of inclusive institutions, ethnic heterogeneity and richness in natural resources, it represents an ideal ground for understanding their interplay in conflict outbreaks. While empirical and theoretical research on civil co...

Abstract Despite the consolidated body of public international law on children’s rights and armed conflict, why do rebel groups state forces deploy children in particularly Somalia? First, due to lack alternative sources income livelihood beyond join army coercive recruitment by commanders groups. Their participation conflict generates a fleeting false sense material security belongingness grou...

We introduce a new dataset, Contemporary Slavery in Armed Conflict (CSAC), coding instances and types of enslavement armed conflict from 1989 to 2016, building on Uppsala Data Program data. CSAC currently covers 171 conflicts with the unit analysis being conflict-year. identify different within these find that 87% contained incidences child soldiers, 34% included sexual exploitation/forced marr...