In this section, we present a stylized formal model to illustrate the effect of coupons on behavior, emphasizing the incentives generated by insurance. Throughout, we assume that a bioequivalent generic for the branded drug is available and is produced by several generic firms. We further assume that the generic firms produce undifferentiated products and price at marginal cost. This assumption...

This research presents a new application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to empirically determine prices of multiple products. The DEA technique is now widely applied to performance analysis and efficiency measurement in economics, business and other areas in social science. This study does not explore such conventional DEA uses, rather directing towards a new DEA application to the determin...

We consider a market in which suppliers with asymmetric capacities and asymmetric marginal and fixed costs compete to satisfy a deterministic and inelastic demand of a commodity in a single period. The suppliers bid their costs to an auctioneer who determines the optimal allocation and the resulting payments, a typical situation in deregulated electricity markets. Under classical marginal-cost ...

BACKGROUND The marginal zone is an anatomically distinct B-cell compartment of lymphoid tissue with an abundant antigenic influx. Among marginal zone-derived lymphomas the WHO classification listed, in addition to extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type, two other marginal zone B-cell neoplasms: splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (+/- villous lymphocytes) and nodal marginal zon...

This paper formulates and analyzes a relatively simple model of duopoly pricing under conditions of fluctuating demand. Price-setting firms produce a homogenous product subject to increasing marginal cost of production. We focus on static Nash equilibria in price choices and examine the impact of varying the level of demand on equilibrium price levels, markups of price over marginal cost, and p...

OBJECTIVE To study the pattern of small B cell lymphomas in Pakistan. METHODS This descriptive study was carried out at the Aga Khan University Hospital pathology department including 1721 cases of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma (NHL) diagnosed during a period of five years (1998-2002) and classified according to REAL/WHO classification. The antibodies used included Leukocyte Common Antigen (LCA), Pan...

The reduction in distribution costs of digital products has renewed interest in strategies for pricing goods with low marginal costs. In this paper, we evaluate the concept of customized bundling in which consumers can choose up to a quantity M of goods drawn from a larger pool of N different goods (N>M) for a fixed price. We show that the complex mixed bundle problem can be reduced to the cust...

Abstract Purpose of Review Competitive electricity systems arose in the context thermal generation with dispatchable production and increasing variable costs. This paper addresses key impacts on efficient market design reliance renewable energy sources such as solar wind that are intermittent have very low marginal Recent Findings The basics markets been adopted by all organized USA. is only co...

Owner-Consumers and Efficiency Joseph Farrell GTE Laboratories If each household owns the same fraction of a firm as its share of consumption, shareholders unanimously want marginal-cost pricing. Otherwise, profits are overemphasised relative to consumer surplus.

Marginal-zone lymphoma (MZL) includes three subtypes depending on the site of lymphoma involvement: extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT-lymphoma); splenic MZL; and nodal MZL. Beside a common cell-of-origin and similarities concerning a possible chronic antigenic stimulation by microbial pathogens and/or autoantigens, the clinical presentation is v...