nutrient-agar plate was replica-plated on to nitrogen-limiting, 1 % lactose minimal medium. Several replicas of each plate were made and were incubated at 30°C for 3 days to guarantee maximal glycogen accumulation. The temperature was then increased to 40°C and an adequate nitrogen source added. Being lactose temperature-sensitive, strain LM 136 is incapable of utilizing lactose at 40°C and the...

Biological nitrogen fixation is a very valuable alternative to nitrogen fertilizer. This process will be discussed in the “Biological Nitrogen Fixation” book. A wide array of free-living and associative nitrogen fixing organisms (diazotrophs) will be covered. The most extensively studied and applied example of biological nitrogen fixation is the symbiotic interaction between nitrogen fixing “rh...

A cationic lipid consists of a hydrophilic headgroup, backbone and hydrophobic tails which have an immense influence on the transfection efficiency of the lipid. In this paper, two novel series of cationic cyclic glycolipids with a quaternary ammonium headgroup and different-length hydrophobic tails (dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl) have been designed and synthesized for gene delivery. One conta...

The gas phase reactions of carbanions with molecular oxygen in both its ground state (X3 sigma g-) and first electronically excited state (a1 delta g) have been studied by the flowing afterglow technique. Reactions include cleavage processes, charge transfer, hydride transfer, formation of hydroxide ion and processes which involve secondary reactions within a long-lived complex. The mechanisms ...

A new hybrid membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) technology that enables energy-neutral treatment of municipal wastewater is introduced. The process, which removes nitrogen using conventional nitrificationdenitrification, was demonstrated at pilot-scale, treating primary effluent. The new MABR membrane product can operate in a high mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) environment, making it...

The current computational fluid dynamics modeling technique is capable of identifying the optimal reagent injector locations for SNCR systems. However, this technique cannot quantify NOx reduction and ammonia slip. ABB carried out a research project to investigate various computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models and the chemical kinetics of nitrogen species during coal combustion. An enhanced ...

A straightforward method has been developed for the synthesis of the benzimidazole ring system through a carbon-nitrogen cross-coupling reaction. In the presence of 2.0 equiv. of K(2)CO(3) in water at 100 °C for 30 h, the intramolecular cyclization of N-(2-iodoaryl)benzamidine provides benzimidazole derivatives in moderate to high yields. Remarkably, the procedure occurs exclusively in wat...

The synthesis of α-amino carbonyl/carboxyl compounds is a contemporary challenge in organic synthesis. Herein, we present a stereoselective α-amination of amides employing simple azides that proceeds under mild conditions with release of nitrogen gas. The amide is used as the limiting reagent, and through simple variation of the azide pattern, various differently substituted aminated products c...