a serological survey was carried out to determine the prevalence rate of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections in water buffalo (bubalusbubalis) in ahvaz, which is the center of the khouzestan province in iran. for this purpose, blood samples were taken from 310 slaughtered buffaloes at the abattoir. sera were tested via the serum neutralization test. serum neutralization was performed ...

Acid-base neutralization of sulfate aerosol (S(VI) ≡ H2SO4(aq) + HSO4 + SO4) by ammonia (NH3) has important implications for aerosol mass, hygroscopicity, and acidity. Surface network and aircraft observations across the eastern US show that sulfate aerosol is not fully neutralized even in the presence of excess ammonia, at odds with thermodynamic equilibrium models. The sulfate aerosol 15 neut...

The reaction of bacteriophage T4 with l-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene resulted in a covalent binding of 2,4-dinitrophenyl (D N P) determinants to the phage. From the kinetics of inactivation re­ flecting the coupling process it is concluded that attachment of more than one D N P group to the critical site(s) of the phage is required for inactivation (multi-hit reaction). Contrary to this the neutra...

To study how virus evolution affects neutralization sensitivity and to determine changes that occur in and around epitopes, we tested the ability of 13 anti-HIV-1 gp120 (anti-V2, anti-V3, anti-CD4bd and anti-carbohydrate) human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to neutralize sequential viruses obtained from five HIV-1 chronically infected drug naïve individuals. Overall, primary viruses collected fr...

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein C (gC) blocks complement activation, and glycoprotein E (gE) interferes with IgG Fc-mediated activities. While evaluating gC- and gE-mediated immune evasion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-HSV-1-coinfected subjects, we noted that antibody alone was more effective at neutralizing a strain with mutations in gC and gE (gC/gE) than a wild-type ...

Cryoprotectant toxicity is a fundamental limiting factor for the successful cryopreservation of living systems by both freezing and vitrification, and the ability to negate it would be attractive. Past attempts to demonstrate "cryoprotectant toxicity neutralization" (CTN) have had many ups and downs. First convincingly introduced by Baxter and Lathe in 1971, the concept that certain amides can ...

On-demand organic hypochlorites for the neutralization of sulfur-based chemical warfare simulants.

Rotavirus is the single most important cause of severe diarrhea in humans and is diffuse in most animal species worldwide, and an understanding of the antigenic properties of the virus is essential to the design of rational vaccine strategies. To better understand the localization of viral epitopes involved in antibody-mediated neutralization of virus infectivity, we have orally immunized mice ...

There is great interest in passive transfer of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and engineered bispecific antibodies (Abs) for prevention of HIV-1 infections due to their in vitro neutralization breadth and potency against global isolates and long in vivo half-lives. We compared the potential of eight bnAbs and two bispecific Abs currently under clinical development, and their 2 Ab combi...

An immunization regimen was evaluated in rabbits consisting of the soluble, oligomeric form of envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1, strain R2 (gp140(R2)), or the surface component of the same envelope (Env), gp120(R2), in the adjuvant AS02A. The gp140(R2) was selected based on its unusual CD4-independent phenotype and the exceptionally broad neutralizing response in the infected donor. The gp140(R2)...