Free amino acids were kept at constant levels, and their alterations reflect the real state of energy metabolisms in the cells and living body. Neurotransmitters synthesized from certain amino acids fluctuated along with the current neuro-functional viability. Their content levels in each tissue give us substantial information about their state of health and disease in mammals. The determinatio...

PART I DESCRIBES IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY SOME JAPANESE PIONEERS IN THE FIELD OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS: (their achievements in parentheses) J. Takamine (isolation and crystallization of adrenaline); K. Shimidzu (early hint for acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter); F. Kanematsu (donation of the Kanematsu Memorial Institute in Sydney); T. Hayashi (discovery of the excitatory action of glutamat...

Keloid is a common skin hyperplastic condition and paradigm of fibrotic disease. The cell interactions that underlie fibroblast hyperfunction, increased extracellular matrix stiffness, keloid formation remain elusive, which restricts the design preventative or interventional strategies with targeted purposes. Here we performed single-cell transcriptomic analysis on human unexpectedly found new ...

In addition to acting in synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters have been shown to play roles in the development of nervous system. Developing neurons extend neurites to connect to their target cells, and growth cones at the tip of growing neurites are critical for pathfinding. Although evidence for the regulation of axonal growth and growth cone guidance by neurotransmitters and neuromodulat...