Guidelines for testing existing neurotoxicity under the Toxic Substances chemicals for Control Act (TSCA) have been published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). While the current regulatory process for assessing existing chemicals under TSCA does not use a tier-testing approach, there is widespread support for tier-testing processes. However, there is general disagreement betwee...

Neurodegenerative diseases are cluster of disorders arising from neuronal cell death in the central nervous system. Its prevalence increases with increasing age. Therapeutic options for neurodegenerative disease include protection against oxidative damage, attenuation neuroinflammation, maintenance essential neurotransmitters, and environmental factors that induce neurotoxicity. Honey its antio...

Bupivacaine has been shown to induce neurotoxicity through inducing excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. NOX2 is one of the most important sources of ROS in the nervous system, and its activation requires the membrane translocation of subunit p47phox. However, the role of p47phox in bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity has not been explored. In our...

Lithium has long been used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of manic-depressive (bipolar) disorder. Recent studies suggest that lithium has neuroprotective properties and may be useful in the treatment of acute brain injuries such as ischemia and chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. One ...

Manganese (Mn) is a naturally occurring element and an essential nutrient for humans and animals. However, exposure to high levels of Mn may cause neurotoxic effects. Accumulation of manganese damages central nervous system and causes Parkinson's disease-like syndrome called manganism. Mn neurotoxicity has been suggested to involve an imbalance between the DAergic and cholinergic systems. The p...

MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a substituted amphetamine and popular drug of abuse. Its mood-enhancing short-term effects may prompt its consumption under stress. Clinical studies indicate that MDMA treatment may mitigate the symptoms of stress disorders such as posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). On the other hand, repeated administration of MDMA results in persistent deficits i...