The specification of a subset of epiblast cells to acquire a neural fate constitutes the first step in the generation of the nervous system. Little is known about the signals required for neural induction in the mouse. We have analysed the role of BMP signalling in this process. We demonstrate that prior to gastrulation, Bmp2/4 signalling via Bmpr1a maintains epiblast pluripotency and prevents ...

In this paper, a neural network model reference adaptive system speed observer is designed, which can be used in speed control of linear induction motors (LIMs). Dynamical equations of LIM have been considered accurate. In other words, the end effect and the electrical losses of the motor have been included in the motor equivalent circuit. Then equations of the reference model and adaptive mode...

The paper presents a super-twisting sliding mode (STSM) regulator with neural networks (NN) of direct power command (DPC) for controlling the active/reactive power of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) using a two-level space vector pulse width modulation (2L-SVPWM). Traditional DPC strategy with proportional-integral (PI) controllers (DPC-PI) has significantly more active/reactive power r...

The Wnt signaling pathway is important in the formation of neural crest cells in many vertebrates, but the downstream targets of neural crest induction by Wnt are largely unknown. Here, we examined quantitative changes in gene expression regulated by Wnt-mediated neural crest induction using quantitative PCR (QPCR). Induction was recapitulated in vitro by adding soluble Wnt to intermediate neur...

Neural tissue in developing Xenopus embryos is induced by signals from the dorsal mesoderm. Induction of anterior neural tissue could be mediated by noggin, a secreted polypeptide found in dorsal mesoderm. We show that bFGF, a known mesoderm inducer of blastula staged ectoderm, induces neural tissue from gastrula stage ectoderm. The type of neural tissue induced by bFGF from stage 10.25 ectoder...

Neural induction and differentiation has been studied using Concanavalin A, cyclic AMP, tunicamycin and calcium ionophore A 23187. Competent ectoderm of Xenopus laevis treated with Concanavalin A differentiates into neural (archencephalic) structures. Binding studies with gold-labelled ConA indicate that the superficial ectodermal layer contains fewer ConA-sensitive sites (alpha-D-mannoside and...

The problem of "primary embryonic induction" was one of the first areas of developmental biology to become "molecularized." What had been seen as an intractable series of problems became amenable to the techniques of Northern blotting, ectopic RNA insertion, and in situ hybridization. These molecular analyses showed that some of the fundamental concepts of primary embryonic induction concluded ...