BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is highly expensive in calculable and incalculable costs. Measures which impact the cost in the most severely affected are likely to produce the greatest cost reductions. Studies regarding clozapine in the USA have demonstrated clear cost-effectiveness, despite the high prescription costs. There are no prior UK studies. METHOD We performed a cost-effectiveness analysi...

The marginal costs and benefits of converting malaria programmes from a control to an elimination goal are central to strategic decisions, but empirical evidence is scarce. We present a conceptual framework to assess the economics of elimination and analyse a central component of that framework-potential short-term to medium-term financial savings. After a review that showed a dearth of existin...

abstract in this study, seven main field crops of the rudasht and abshar irrigation networks of esfahan (with 54,000 ha designed command area) such as wheat, barley, onion, sunflower, fodder mays and sugar beet were selected and swap model was calibrated by inverse modeling base on field experiments results in order to determine crop water salinity production functions. field experiments were c...

In 1981, personal saving in the United States was $106.6 billion, or 4.4 percent of personal income? Net corporate saving, as defined by undistributed profits net of estimated economic depreciation, was $49.5 billion, or 44.0 percent of after-tax corporate profits? Thus, net private saving was just 6.0 percent of net national product, which was $2.6 trillion. This level of savings is low by his...

In this paper, we address a problem in which a storage space constrained buyer procures a single product in multiple periods from multiple suppliers. The production capacity constrained suppliers offer all-unit quantity discounts. The late deliveries and rejections are also incorporated in sourcing. In addition, we consider transportation cost explicitly in decision making which may vary becaus...

This paper provides a framework for retailer pricing and ordering decisions in a dynamic category management setting. In this regard, the key ontributions of this paper are as follows. First, we develop a multi-brand ordering and pricing model that endogenizes retailer forward buying and aximizes profitability for the category. The model considers (i) manufacturer trade deals to retailers, (ii)...

China’s average household saving rate is one of the highest in the world. One popular view attributes the high saving rate to fast-rising housing prices and other living costs in China. This article uses simple economic logic to show that rising housing prices and living costs per se cannot explain China’s persistently high household saving rate. Although borrowing constraints and demographic c...

CONTEXT Octogenarians are the fastest growing segment of the population and little is known about the results of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after in-hospital cardiac arrest in this population. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of CPR after in-hospital cardiac arrest in octogenarians. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Years of life saved. DESIGN Eff...

In this study, we analyze an inventory system facing stochastic external demands and an autonomous supply (independent return flow) in the presence of fixed disposal costs and positive lead times under a continuous review replenishment– disposal policy. We derive the analytical expressions of the operating characteristics of the system; and, construct the objective function to minimize the tota...

BACKGROUND Saving groups are increasingly being used to save in many developing countries. However, there is limited literature about how they can be exploited to improve maternal and newborn health. OBJECTIVES This paper describes saving practices, factors that encourage and constrain saving with saving groups, and lessons learnt while supporting communities to save through saving groups. ...