During childhood, systemic physiological stresses such as illness, disease, and malnutrition can disrupt the growth of dental enamel. These disruptions are often recorded in the form of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH). Many researchers have analyzed the frequency and timing of LEH formation in Neanderthal populations as they relate to ideas about Neanderthal living conditions, nutrition, and for...

Abstract Neanderthal extinction is a matter of intense debate. It has been suggested that demography (as opposed to environment or competition) could alone provide sufficient explanation for the phenomenon. We argue cannot be ‘stand-alone’ ‘alternative’ token extinctions as demographic features are entangled with competitive and environmental factors, further because should not conflated neutra...

Many other human species appeared in evolution in the last 6 million years that have not been able to survive to modern times and are broadly known as archaic humans, as opposed to the extant modern humans. It has always been considered fascinating to compare the modern human genome with that of archaic humans to identify modern human-specific sequence variants and figure out those that made mo...