Abstract At present, volume measurement is still used in transfer of natural gas China, so the calculation and management Unaccounted for Gas are based on measurement. With change method from to energy measurement, will be paid more attention. This paper investigates methods measures China other countries, compares research progress. The results show that: general principles countries basically...

Worldwide consumption in oil and natural gas is expected to lead all other energy sources in the next 20 years. The oil & gas pipeline network will constantly expand placing greater demand on operators to ensure any integrity threats to these pipeline systems are accurately and reliably identified. What are the main integrity threats to pipelines? There are many such as third-party damage, exte...

Free-span occurs normally in a pipeline at uneven seabed, dynamic seabed and pipeline crossing. Free spanning in pipeline causes Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV) fatigue, fracture and bursting. In this paper, a pipeline located in South Pars Gas Field is assessed against local buckling and VIV fatigue using probability of failure theory based on the recommended methodology by Det Norske Veritas (...

The revolution of hydraulic fracturing [1] has dramatically increased the supply and lowered the cost of natural gas in the United States driving an expansion of natural gas-fired generation capacity in many electrical grids [2]. Unrelated to the natural gas expansion, lower capital costs [3] and renewable portfolio [4] standards are driving an expansion of intermittent renewable generation cap...

in this paper, a model based on gmdh type neural network, is used to predict gas price in the spot market while using oil spot market price, gas spot market price, gas future market price, oil future market price and average temperature of the weather. the results suggest that gmdh neural network model, according to the root mean squared error (rmse) and direction statistics (dstat) statistics ...

nowadays, compressible flow transmission pipelines are used in many industrial processes. pipelines in chemical processes, gas turbine power plants, natural gas transmission lines, and high pressure steam transmission pipelines are some industrial examples. therefore, learning the manner of treatment of a transient compressible fluid flow in pipelines with junctions and branches is important. i...

Under the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), energy infrastructure projects that are permitted by federal agencies require preparation and publication of an environmental impact assessment. However, fifty years after passage NEPA, agencies’ compliance behaviors, how these behaviors might shape risks associated with infrastructure, remain largely unexplored. Here, we consider assessm...