An edge-coloring of a graph G with natural numbers is called a sum edge-coloring if the colors of edges incident to any vertex of G are distinct and the sum of the colors of the edges of G is minimum. The edge-chromatic sum of a graph G is the sum of the colors of edges in a sum edge-coloring of G. It is known that the problem of finding the edge-chromatic sum of an r-regular (r ≥ 3) graph is N...

Food manufacturers and policy makers have been tailoring food product ingredient information to consumers' self-reported preference for natural products and concerns over food additives. Yet, the influence of this ingredient information on consumers remains inconclusive. The current study aimed at examining the first step in such influence, which is consumers' attention to ingredient informatio...

Aviary experiments demonstrated that three North American fmgivorous migrant bird species often exhibit color preferences, when factors such as taste, nutrition, and accessibility to food sources are equal. Individual birds differed in initial color preferences, transitivity, and temporal stability of color preferences. There was little tendency of these birds to favor red and black, which are ...

background: natural flavors are widely used in various foods, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products . these kinds of additives are applied as colors, preservatives, aroma and tasting agents.   objective: the large-scale use of certain food flavors requires accumulation of toxicological data on these substances, particularly in cases where structural similarities with other known substances showi...

Plants have long been exploited as a sustainable source of food, flavors, agrochemicals, colors, therapeutic proteins, bioactive compounds, and stem cell production. However, plant habitats are being briskly lost due to scores environmental factors human disturbances. This necessitates finding viable alternative technology for the continuous production compounds that utilized in food healthcare...

Spectral optimization for naturalness and preference was carried out empirically in a set of psychophysical experiments in which observers adjusted the spectral composition of the illumination to render commercial food counters containing a variety of fruits and vegetables as well as meat and fish. The scenes were simulated with high chromatic precision on a calibrated computer monitor from dat...

Color preference is an important aspect of visual experience, but little is known about why people in general like some colors more than others. Previous research suggested explanations based on biological adaptations [Hurlbert AC, Ling YL (2007) Curr Biol 17:623-625] and color-emotions [Ou L-C, Luo MR, Woodcock A, Wright A (2004) Color Res Appl 29:381-389]. In this article we articulate an eco...

This paper addresses the natural relaxation of the path coloring problem, in which one needs to color directed paths on a symmetric directed graph with a minimum number of colors, in such a way that paths using the same arc of the graph have different colors. This classic combinatorial problem finds applications in the minimization of the number of wavelengths in wavelength division multiplexin...