The mechanism of macrophage-antigen handling was studied using a system that involves the quantitation of the antigen-specific binding of Listeria monocytogenes-immune T cells to macrophages. Specific T cells did not bind to native antigen. Because the specific binding of T cells to macrophages could be measured during a short (5- to 15-min) interaction, it was possible to follow the temporal d...

Scholars have been investigating the quick emergence of digital platforms, essentially through the lens of digital native firms. If there is limited occurrence of platforms launched by incumbent firms such as Daimler (Car2Go, Moovel) or Johnson Controls (Panopix), the economics of their strategic responses through platforms by incumbents merit attention. This paper provides the first largescale...

The use of game elements in non-game contexts (gamification) -has previously been widely explored in contexts such as healthcare and marketing but less extensively in education and training. In this paper we explore the use of gamification in education and training. Traditional training methods often fail to engage or motivate students, especially Digital Natives raised from a young age with ap...

background: during the last two decades, significant advances have been made in the fields of lactococcal genetics and protein expression. lactococcus lactis (l. lactis) is an effective vector for protein expression and can be used as an antigen delivery system. hence, l. lactis is an ideal candidate for mucosal immunotherapy. profilin (che a 2), the major allergen in chenopodium album, is one ...

The development of modern gene technologies allows for the expression of recombinant proteins in non-native hosts. Diversity in translational and post-translational modification pathways between species could potentially lead to discrete changes in the molecular architecture of the expressed protein and subsequent cellular function and antigenicity. Here, we show that transgenic expression of a...

The sizes of Japanese native horses have drastically decreased, and protection of these populations is important for Japanese horse culture. Social trials as well as scientific attempts are necessary for maintaining the breed. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have potential as a cell source for various cell therapies. However, there have been no reports on MSCs of Japanese native horses. We aimed ...

Influenza virus infections represent an ongoing public health threat as well economic burden. Although seasonal influenza vaccines have been available for some decades, efforts are being made to generate new efficient, flexible, and cost-effective technologies be transferred into production. Our work describes the development of a model hemagglutinin antigen that is capable inducing protection ...

The complete primary amino acid sequence for the 47-kilodalton (kDa) major integral membrane immunogen of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum was obtained by using a combined strategy of DNA sequencing (of the cloned gene in Escherichia coli) and N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the native (T. pallidum subsp. pallidum-derived) antigen. An open reading frame believed to encode the 47-kDa antig...