Kramers’ law describes the mean transition time of an overdamped Brownian particle between local minima in a potential landscape. We review different approaches that have been followed to obtain a mathematically rigorous proof of this formula. We also discuss some generalisations, and a case in which Kramers’ law is not valid. This review is written for both mathematicians and theoretical physi...

In macroeconomics, GDP is one of the most important concepts and indicators. has always been common indicator national economic development in world. With environmental protection movement rise sustainable concept, it urgent to carry out resource accounting comprehensively reflect input development. Green gradually developed this context. The article introduces machine learning technology data ...