Mucosal surfaces are the first site of infection for most infectious diseases and oral vaccination can provide protection as line defense. Unlike systemic administration, immunization stimulate cellular humoral immune responses at both mucosal levels to induce broad-spectrum long-lasting immunity. Therefore, design a successful vaccine, it is essential well responses. Successful vaccines need o...

Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) play a key role in desmoplastic stroma, which is characteristic of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and they also enhance the malignancy cancer cells. Our previous study reported chloroquine's mitigating effects on PSC activation; however, drug known to induce adverse clinical practice. The present aimed reduce chloroquine doses develop useful pre‑treatm...