We study the problem of entropy increase of the Bernoulli-shift map without recourse to the concept of trajectory and we discuss whether, and under which conditions if it does, the distribution density entropy coincides with the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, namely, with the trajectory entropy. 05.45.+b,03.65.Sq,05.20.-y Typeset using REVTEX 1

We show for the case of interacting massless vector bosons, how the structure of non-abelian gauge theories emerges automatically from a more fundamental concept of quantum field theories, namely perturbative quantum gauge invariance. It turns out that the coupling is necessarily of Yang-Mills type plus divergence-and coboundary couplings. The extension of the method to massive gauge theories i...

BACKGROUND Fully asexually reproducing taxa lack outcrossing. Hence, the classic Biological Species Concept cannot be applied. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used DNA sequences from the mitochondrial COI gene and the nuclear ITS2 region to check species boundaries according to the evolutionary genetic (EG) species concept in five morphospecies in the putative ancient asexual ostracod gener...

Simultaneous immunological titration of DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activities, from a number of tissues of various species, showed that the two activities were not distinguishable with a monospecific antiserum to hog kidney decarboxylase. Together with previous findings, these data firmly establish the concept that in mammalian tissues the two enzyme activities are associated wi...

Motivated by questions in biological classification, we discuss some elementary combinatorial and computational properties of certain set systems that generalize hierarchies, namely, ‘patchworks’, ‘weak patchworks’, ‘ample patchworks’ and ‘saturated patchworks’ and also outline how these concepts relate to an apparently new ‘duality theory’ for cluster systems that is based on the fundamental c...

A new concept of viscosity solutions, namely, the Hausdorff continuous viscosity solution for the Hamilton-Jacobi equation is defined and investigated. It is shown that the main ideas within the classical theory of continuous viscosity solutions can be extended to the wider space of Hausdorff continuous functions while also generalizing some of the existing concepts of discontinuous solutions.

A new model of evolutionary system (ES for short) is constructed, based of definitions and notation from [2]. Some results are obtained, namely any language can be generated by a darwinist ES, by a 3 − ES. Also, a very promising concept, that of halting ES is proposed; we believe that it will have many further applications.

We give a short survey on the concept of contact Hamiltonian dynamics and its use in several areas of physics, namely reversible and irreversible thermodynamics, statistical physics and classical mechanics. Some relevant examples are provided along the way. We conclude by giving insights into possible future directions.

To address a key science research topic for the global water and energy cycle, namely measuring soil moisture under substantial vegetation canopies and to useful depths, we have developed a concept for a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system operating simultaneously at UHF and VHF frequencies. We are currently prototyping key technology items that enable this concept under the NASA Earth Scienc...

In this paper we study the parallelization of CGLS, a basic iterative method for large and sparse least squares problems whose main idea is to organize the computation of conjugate gradient method to normal equations. A performance model called isoeeciency concept is used to analyze the behavior of this method implemented on massively parallel distributed memory computers with two dimensional m...