BACKGROUND Botulinum neurotoxin type A is a well-established treatment for a number of conditions involving muscle hyperactivity. Dysport (Ipsen Ltd, Wrexham, United Kingdom) is a botulinum neurotoxin type A preparation that has been available for a number of therapeutic uses for over 20 years in the European Union (EU). This survey was part of the EU botulinum toxin risk management plan to ide...

Purpose Cerebral palsy (CP) is a permanent, non-progressive disorder of the developing brain. Tizanidine an effective treatment for spastic CP; however, insufficient evidence exists regarding its effect on motor function and side-effect profile. This review explored effects safety tizanidine in treating spasticity among pediatric patients with CP. Methods Two reviewers conducted literature sear...

BACKGROUND Spasticity after stroke has been internationally recognized as an important health problem causing impairment of mobility, deformity, and pain. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of first-ever and recurrent stroke and of subsequent spastic and flaccid paresis. Factors influencing the development of spasticity were analyzed. A further major aim was to provide a "real-li...

[Purpose] The purpose of this case series was to determine the effects of robot-assisted hand rehabilitation with a Gloreha device on skeletal muscle perfusion, spasticity, and motor function in subjects with poststroke hemiparesis. [Subjects and Methods] Seven patients, 2 women and 5 men (mean ± SD age: 60.5 ±6.3 years), with hemiparesis (>6 months poststroke), received passive mobilization of...

BACKGROUND Patients surviving stroke but who have significant impairment of function in the affected arm are at more risk of developing pain, stiffness and contractures. The abnormal muscle activity, associated with post-stroke spasticity, is thought to be causally associated with the development of these complications. Treatment of spasticity is currently delayed until a patient develops signs...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic effect of electrical stimulation on plantarflexor spasticity in stroke patients. DESIGN A randomized controlled clinical trial study. SETTING Rehabilitation clinic of Semnan University of Medical Sciences. SUBJECTS Forty stroke patients (aged from 42 to 65 years) with ankle plantarflexor spasticity. INTERVENTION Fifteen minutes of inhibitory Boba...

Spasticity of the biceps brachii muscle was assessed using the modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Myotonometry and repeated passive stretch techniques, respectively. Fourteen subjects with chronic hemiplegia participated in the study. Spasticity was quantified by muscle displacements and compliance from the Myotonometer measurements and resistive torques from the repeated passive stretch at velocit...

One of the "hidden" medical devices in the school setting is the baclofen pump, which is used for the treatment of spasticity. The goals of spasticity treatment are to decrease muscle tone, deformity, and pain in order to maximize function and ease of care for both child and caregiver. The use of an intrathecal baclofen pump, often for children with cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, brain inj...

Spasticity is a common complication after spinal cord injury (SCI) within the upper motor neuron syndrome. We describe it in 2 parts: in the first one (Part 1) the pathophysiology, clinical features and assessment are shown, and in this part (Part 2) its treatment will be considered. Once it has been decided to treat spasticity, the treatment is based on starting with simpler and less problemat...

Spasticity is a common pathological phenomenon in clinical practices, frequently expressed as a stroke, multiple sclerosis or cerebral palsy. The accurate quantification of spasticity allows early action to prevent the potentially irreversible consequences. The aim of this work is to develop and implement a mechatronic device for the accurate quantification of spasticity, w...