Bone tissue engineering has been one of the most promising areas of research, providing a potential clinical application to cure bone defects. Recently, various stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs), adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs), muscle-derived stem cell...

Despite the significant advances in regenerative medicine, wound healing has remained a challenging clinical problem. Skin is the largest human organ with many vital functions; therefore, any damage to its normal structure should be treated as soon as possible. Easy access to skin stem cells has created a lot of excitement in therapeutic applications. “Cell therapy” is considered a novel method...

introduction: adult stem cells are the group of cells which conserve their nature in tissues and organs among other cells. in recent years, the researchers reported the existence of stem cells on the bulge of hair follicles near to the smooth muscle. it is possible to differentiate these stem cells to neural cells by induction of shh, fgf, and ra factors. because of existence of these factors i...

background: mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) can be expanded and differentiated into many mature cell types including smooth muscle cells (smcs). in addition to growth factor, cyclic stretch contributes to differentiation of stem cells. mechanical stimuli are critical to morphological changes, development, regeneration, differentiation and pathology of mesenchymal tissues. the aim of this study is...

Tissue engineering refers to the attempt create functional human tissue from cells in a laboratory. This is field that uses living cells, biocompatible materials, suitable biochemical and physical factors, their combinations tissue-like structures. To date, no engineered skeletal muscle implants have been developed for clinical use, but they may represent valid alternative treatment of volumetr...

This study presents the morphology and structure of rectum in Bolua turkiyae Ünal, 1999 (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) using light scanning electron microscopy. The digestive system insects is split up three parts as foregut, midgut hindgut. last part results show that B. consists 6 rectal pads, similar to pads found others Orthopteran species. contains muscle tissue with connective tissue, epithe...