background: pain, a common phenomenon in multiple sclerosis (ms) patients, is associated with many symptoms and problems.  to investigation severity and distribution of musculoskeletal pain in ms patients. methods: in this cross-sectional study, 115 members of the mazandaran ms association with confirmed ms were randomly selected to participate in the study. the patients were asked to fill out ...

background multiple sclerosis (ms) is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (cns). ms is one of the most common cause of neurological impairment at a young age with a complex etiology. the forkhead/winged helix (foxp3) gene encodes a transcription factor that plays an important role in the working and progress of regulatory t cells. loss of the foxp3 function impairs the...

background: multiple sclerosis (ms) is known to affect essentially the central nervous system; however, peripheral nerve involvement, as an additional cause of disability, has been recently noticed. objectives: this study was aimed to perform detailed electrodiagnostic assessments in ms patients to evaluate peripheral nervous system involvement. materials and methods: a total of eighty ms patie...

an investigation was carried out on a young unrelated couple, both 29 years old, with two boys and three girls, 3 months to 8 years old. one boy and the mother were healthy, the other four children and the father were affected. the family, originally from the district of nour, in northern iran, near the caspian sea, was first counseled at the genetic clinic in tehran in 1984. several trips were...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is an inflammatory, multifocal, immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that women are at a higher risk to acquire than men. myxovirus resistance protein a (mxa) is used as a predictive marker of bioactivity of interferon-beta (ifn-β) therapy in ms patients. this study was undertaken in west of iran to investigate gender differences in the expression level ...

abstract background and objective : psychological aspects of chronic diseases has attracted many professionals. because the incidence of sudden and uncontrollable symptoms of many diseases, causing stress and create a variety of negative emotions and mood in patients'. the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group reality therapy in reduceing stress, anxiety and depres...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is the most common chronic autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (cns) which preferentially involves young women in early child bearing age. opposite to traditional view emphasized on discouraging female patients from enduring pregnancy, recent investigations showed that pregnancy-related physiological alterations, especially during the third tr...

background: fatigue, depression, and physical impairment are common  among  multiple  sclerosis (ms) patients. the aim  of  this  study was to  determine  the   relationship between depression,  physical impairment,  and  fatigue  in an iranian ms cohort. methods: fifty consecutive  relapsing-remitting ms patients and  50 age- and  sex-matched healthy  controls (hcs) were recruited  from sina r...

background: multiple sclerosis (ms) is an unpredictable neurological disease leading to severe disability in young adults.  the  majority of ms patients  use  complementary and     alternative medicine  (cam)  as adjunct  to conventional  therapies.  this study  aimed  to  investigate the prevalence  of cam utilization among  iranian patients with ms and their attitude  toward the cam usage. me...