Exacerbations are a frequent event in the evolution of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Individuals with COPD have a mean of 1-3 episodes per year, some of which lead to hospital admission and may even be a cause of death. The importance of COPD exacerbations has become increasingly apparent due to the impact these episodes have on the natural history of disease. It is now...

BACKGROUND Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in all age groups worldwide. It may be classified as mild/moderate or severe, the latter usually requiring hospitalisation. Although, there are many studies reported in relation to CAP, there is relatively little known about the treatment of CAP and its antibiotic use in Mongolia. The study aim was t...

Severe exacerbations of COPD, ie, those leading to hospitalization, have profound clinical implications for patients and significant economic consequences for society. The prevalence and burden of severe COPD exacerbations remain high, despite recognition of the importance of exacerbation prevention and the availability of new treatment options. Severe COPD exacerbations are associated with hig...

It has been shown that mucus hypersecretion is associated with greater susceptibility for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), excess forced expiratory volume in 1 s decline, hospitalisations and excess mortality. The effects of mucoactive drugs on outcomes have been reviewed in several meta-analyses, the largest one including 26 studies. 21 studies were performed in patients wi...

Indonesia has been known as an endemic country of tuberculosis (TB). Most the cases are pulmonary TB, and pleural effusion is one common cases. Untreated can become massive effusion, a true emergency case in room. In this report we present 21-years-old female patient with new onset due to TB infection. A 21-year-old no previous medical illness came ER shortness breaths since week ago. Cough unm...

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, is essential for the growth and metastasis of tumors. In this study, we found that l-carbocisteine, a widely used expectorant, potently inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. An in vivo Matrigel plug assay revealed that l-carbocisteine (2.5 mg/kg i.p. twice daily) significantly inhibited vascular endothelial growth...