1. Improvement in the standard of living and health status of the population has remained one of the important objectives in Indian planning. All five year plans had reflected long term vision consistent with the international aspirations of which India has also been a signatory. These long term goals have been stressed in National Population Policy, National Health Policy, National Nutrition P...

Results Awide varietyof outcome measures are used.Themost frequent are clinical symptoms, hospitalisation and mortality (direct indicators), and social/ occupational functioning, marriage, social support andburden of care (indirect indicators).Areas such as cognitive function, duration of untreatedpsychosis, qualityof life and effectofmedicationhave not beenwidely studied in lowand middle-incom...

A national cancer program is essentially a population health initiative that goes beyond satisfying the demand for health services to propose modifying specific objective indicators in a defined population through interventions that have a scientifically grounded probability of success. In the case of malignant neoplasms, the three "gold standard" indicators are age-adjusted specific mortality,...

BACKGROUND The potential for natural environments to be salutogenic has received growing interest from epidemiologists, but there has been no critical examination of the extent to which associations between green space and health might vary according to the indicator of green space coverage used. METHODS Three different indicators of green space coverage were derived for a set of 268 small ar...

BACKGROUND currently road accidents are mostly monitored through mortality and injury rates. This paper reports the methodology and the results of a project set forth by the European Union (EU) and coordinated by the WHO aimed at identifying and evaluating a core set of indicators to monitor the causal chain of road accident health effects. The project is part of the ECOEHIS (Development of Env...

BACKGROUND Although many previous epidemiological studies have reported the incidence of diseases, mortality rate and economic losses after natural disasters, none of these studies has been comprehensive enough. Our aim was to establish a synthetic evaluation model (SEM) that can be used to analyze flood hazards. METHODS Initial evaluation indicators were selected using systematic and literat...

A higher mortality rate in areas with increased socioeconomic deprivation has been found in many studies. Results are diYcult to compare, however, because diVerent indicators of area deprivation have been used. USA-based studies mostly use income to measure area deprivation, 2 whereas UK-based studies often use unemployment and occupational level, but never income. 4 Little is known of the rela...

BACKGROUND A goal of Healthy People 2010 was to reduce health disparities. We determined the extent of reductions in geographic disparities in five breast cancer screening indicators. METHODS We examined the extent of reductions in geographic disparities in five breast cancer screening indicators using data about women ages 40 years and older from 200 counties in the 1988 to 2005 Surveillance...

This article continues a long tradition of examining alcohol-related deaths by occupation in England and Wales. Results are presented for men and women which show those occupations with the highest and lowest indicators of alcohol-related mortality in 2001-05. For both sexes, many of the occupations with the highest alcohol-related mortality were found among those working in the drinks industry...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To explore the rapid rise of the extremely old population, showing the magnitude of the increase and identifying demographic mechanisms underlying this increase. DESIGN Demographic analysis using census data, yearly population estimates, and mortality statistics. SETTING Switzerland 1860-2001. MAIN RESULTS Indicators suggest a strong increase in the number of nonagenarians...