Widely considered as one of the cradles of human civilization, Mesopotamia is largely situated in the Republic of Iraq, which is also the birthplace of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian civilizations. These lands were subsequently ruled by the Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Mongolians, Ottomans and finally British prior to the independence. As a direct consequence of this rich h...

Background Modern hygiene administration in Japan and Korea began to be organized in the end of 19th Century by accepting Western public health system. Then, how did the elite in these two East Asian countries recognize and understand Western public health movement in the 19th Century? Answering this question could provide historical knowledge about the background of starting modern hygiene adm...

The history of science is often regarded today as the progressive accumulation of techniques and the refinement of quantitative methods in the study of Nature. Such a point of view considers the present conception of science to be the only valid one; it therefore judges the sciences of other civilizations in the light of modern science and evaluates them primarily with respect to their "develop...

The rise in deaths attributed to coronary thrombosis and duodenal ulcer has been widely commented upon. It has been suggested that these two conditions are merely examples of the psychosomatic diseases, the incidence of which has risen directly or consecutively with the rising mental stress associated with an increasingly complex civilization. In this paper certain epidemiological facts relatin...

The ancient Indians were the custodians of a highly evolved civilization with great awareness on the decisive importance as well as the vulnerability of man's natural environment. The ancient Indians sages and Rishis had considered human environment from the point of view of physical, chemical, biological and social process that influences directly or indirectly the health and well - being of t...

In his introductory presentation to the Forth Conference of the Sudan Association of Paediatricians (SAP) [1], which was held in Port Sudan (15th-16th February 1975), and in the President Speech (in Arabic) [2], the late Professor Mahmoud Mohamed Hassan [3] emphasized that investment on child welfare is rewarded by prosperity of a nation, as has been acknowledged and implemented by Developed Co...