This paper is organized in the following way: first section puts forward version of Chisholm’s Modal Paradox that going to be taken into consideration. The presentation paradox followed by two sections where invalidating strategies (as I call them) are presented; second presents Forbes’ strategy for dealing with paradox. As part section, it presented many-valued semantics modal logic. third a S...

Many  elements  contribute  to  the  relative  difficulty  in  acquiring  specific  aspects  of  English  as  a foreign  language  (Goldschneider  &  DeKeyser,  2001).  Modal  auxiliary  verbs  (e.g.  could,  might), are  examples  of  a  structure  that  is  difficult  for  many  learners.  Not  only  are  they  particularly complex  semantically,  but  especially  in  the  Malaysian  context ...

In order to identify the basic properties of PoRs and the theoretical questions that follow, consider the German active-passive pair in (3a, b) involving the reflexive use of the verb ‘waschen’ (to wash). As in ordinary passives, the lexical verb in (3b) appears as passive participle and the passive auxiliary werden (to become) is used. The external argument disappears (but it can reappear in a...

The resulting denominal verb (dv) has the full syntactic and morphological distribution of any verb in West Greenlandic. It also retains some of the properties of the incorporated nominal (in), which has led some researchers to analyze this construction as a kind of ni and to argue that it represents a structural mismatch between syntax and morphology. In this paper, I will present an alternati...

Flow Logic is an approach to the static analysis of programs that has been developed for functional, imperative and objectoriented programming languages and for concurrent, distributed, mobile and cryptographic process calculi. In this paper we extend it to deal with modal logics and prove that it can give an exact characterisation of the semantics of formulae in a modal logic. This shows that ...

Much work in current research in the field of semantic pragmatic analysis has been concerned with the interpretation of natural language utterances in the context of dialogs. In this paper, however, we will present methods for a primary pragmatic analysis of single utterances. Our investigations involve problems which are not currently well understood, for example how to infer the speaker's int...

In this paper, we show how to formalize reconstruction effects in an LTAG semantics. We derive a lexical entry and semantic specification for how many, which introduces two quantificational elements. We also show how they interact compositionally with other scopal items, e.g. modal and attitude verbs in a question. The use of an underspecified semantics allows the compact representation of scop...

This study was an analytical account of EFL postgraduate learners’ use of verbs in citing other scholars in their own writing. Particular interest was differing extents of these verbs as categorised by Myer (1997), namely verbs representing statement of scholarly writing, verbs communicating knowledge of scholarly writing, and verbs denoting cognition of scholarly writing, each of which has sub...

Multi-modal distributional semantic models address the fact that text-based semantic models, which represent word meanings as a distribution over other words, suffer from the grounding problem. This thesis advances the field of multi-modal semantics in two directions. First, it shows that transferred convolutional neural network representations outperform the traditional bag of visual words met...

The article deals with the question of pragmatic identity modalized constructions in Russian, German and Udmurt languages. presents utterances included speech act interaction modal means, which participate expression a real-ontological situation. aim is to describe functional properties utterances. Modalized are formed help special include verbs particles. It noted that linguistic means differe...