The aim of this work was to determine the minimum infective dose of Mycobacterium bovis necessary to stimulate specific immune responses and generate pathology in cattle. Four groups of calves (20 animals) were infected by the intratracheal route with 1,000, 100, 10, or 1 CFU of M. bovis. Specific immune responses (gamma interferon [IFN-gamma] and interleukin-4 [IL-4] responses) to mycobacteria...

A long-term (1983–2000) global dataset of Earth’s surface daily-integrated UV exposure was developed from a combination of ISCCP-D1 3 h reflectance measurements (in order to resolve the diurnal variation of cloud conditions) and TOMS total ozone amount. The inversion algorithm developed in our previous study was employed with modifications addressing the conversion of visible reflectance to UV ...

The interfering effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the natural function of biological processes is wavelength specific and the UV spectrum must be weighted with the action spectrum for the process. The UV spectral irradiance may be measured with calibrated spectroradiometers. Alternatively, the biologically effective UV may be measured with broadband devices. This paper reviews the techniq...

Solar UV radiation has both adverse and beneficial effects to human health. Using models (a radiative transfer model coupled to a building shading model), together with satellite and surface measurements, we studied the un-obstructed and obstructed UV environments in a sub-tropical urban environment featured with relatively high pollution (aerosol) loadings and high-rise buildings. Seasonal pat...

background: ebt and ebt3 radiochromic films have been used in radiotherapy dosimetry for years. objective: the aim of the current study is to compare ebt and ebt3 radiochromic films in dosimetry of radiotherapy fields for treatment of parotid cancer. methods: calibrations of ebt and ebt3 films were performed with identical setups using a 6 mv photon beam of a siemens primus linac. skin dose was...

BACKGROUND Oral 8-methoxypsoralen-UV-A (PUVA) and Narrowband UV-B (NB-UVB or UVB TL-01) are well established treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis but there is limited evidence regarding their respective efficacy. OBJECTIVES To prepare for evidence-based recommendations concerning the practical use of oral 8-methoxypsoralen-UV-A and Narrowband UV-B in psoriasis, a systematic review to asses...

Occupational radiation exposure is often coded as zero when the exposure dose is below the minimum detection level. This leads to an underestimation of the doses received by individuals and can lead to overestimates of risk in occupational epidemiologic studies. The extent of the dose underestimation is increased with the magnitude of the minimum detection level and the frequency of monitoring....

BACKGROUND Clinicians need to know the right antipsychotic dose for optimized treatment, and the concept of dose equivalence is important for many clinical and scientific purposes. METHODS We refined a method presented in 2003, which was based on the minimum effective doses found in fixed-dose studies. We operationalized the selection process, updated the original findings, and expanded them ...