Stabilization was applied as a remediation option for immobilizing lead (Pb) in contaminated mine soil. Four types of waste materials were used stabilizing agents, namely oyster shells (WOS), calcined (COS), natural starfish (NSF), and spent-coffee-grounds-derived biochar (SCGB). The Pb-contaminated soil treated with the agents ranging from 0 to 10 wt% curing period 28 days. toxicity characteri...

Solid waste management is the most important environmental challenge of mining operations worldwide [...]

Mining and quarrying waste is the second largest stream in Europe. Sulfidic ore processing residues (tailings) pose a large challenge, because they contain hazardous metal(loid)s can lead to acid mine drainage. However, tailings also valuable base, precious, critical metals, which be used different technological applications, as well silicates clay minerals that offer possibilities for use buil...