First, mathematical formulae faithfully describing the distributions of amino acids and codons and reproducing the degeneracies in the various known genetic codes, including the standard genetic code, are constructed, by hand. Second, we summarize another mathematical approach relying on the use of q-deformations to describe these same genetic codes, and add a new application not considered bef...

For hydrologic applications, terrain models should have few local minima, and drainage lines should coincide with edges. We show that triangulating a set of points with elevations such that the number of local minima of the resulting terrain is minimized is NP-hard for degenerate point sets. The same result applies when there are no degeneracies for higher-order Delaunay triangulations. Two heu...

We show that in the worst case, (n d) sidedness queries are required to determine whether a set of n points in IR d is aanely degenerate, i.e., whether it contains d + 1 points on a common hyperplane. This matches known upper bounds. We give a straightforward adversary argument, based on the explicit construction of a point set containing (n d) \collapsible" simplices, any one of which can be m...

This article investigates the question of why women remain underrepresented in management positions despite their increasing presence Turkish banking sector context. By using an integrative framework that brings together relational and institutional perspectives, this seeks to understand how macro-level contextual influences reflect on meso-organisational processes practices, which turn influen...

during recent decades, researchers have attempted to understand individual and group level behavior, at micro levels while macro level researchers studied organizational and institutional level behavior. yet few scholars have examined organizational effects on individual and group behavior and the effects of individual and group behavior on organization as a whole. such a research can lead to a...

Background and Objectives: The goal of current study is to evaluate the performance of hospitals and their departments. This manuscript aimed at estimation of the most productive scale size (MPSS), returns to scale (RTS), and benchmarking for inefficient hospitals and their departments. Methods: The radial and non-radial data envelopment analysis (DEA) ap...

Richard Saltman and Antonio Duran take up the challenging issue of governance in their article “Governance, Government and the Search for New Provider Models,” and use two case studies of health policy changes in Sweden and Spain to shed light on the subject. In this commentary, I seek to link their conceptualization of governance, especially its interrelated roles at the macro, meso, and micro...

Background and Objectives: Furfural (F) and hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) are cyclic aldehydes, which are formed during the heat processing of foods. These chemical contaminants have received much attention due to their suspected health hazards and heat damage indicators. The aim of the present study was extraction and determination of F and HMF in baby-foods using dispersive liquid-liquid micro...