Biofilms form in nearly every environment that provides a surface, nutrients, and water. They can be found, for example, in almost all natural aquatic environments; on teeth, bone interstices, and oral epithelia of animals and humans; on hulls of marine installations and ship bottoms; on prosthetic devices and medical implants; on water conduits and in filters; and even ion the “sterile” surfac...

A mathematical model of microbial growth for limiting nutrient in a plug flow reactor which accounts for the colonization of the reactor wall surface by the microbes is formulated and studied analytically and numerically. It can be viewed as a model of the large intestine or of the fouling of a commercial bio-reactor or pipe flow. Two steady state regimes are identified, namely, the complete wa...

introduction: this study was conducted in order to determine the relationship between attachment to god with marital satisfaction and mental health in parents of children with special needs. method: a total of 372 parents (186 fathers, 186 mothers) of blind, deaf and educable children with mental retardation were selected through stratified random sampling using the method of proportional alloc...

Competition for nutrient and the ability of bacteria to colonize the gut wall are factors believed to play a role in the observed stability of the indigenous microbiota of the mammalian large intestine. These factors were incorporated into the two-strain continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) model formulated and numerically investigated by Freter et al. In their model simulations, the reactor ...

The indigenous microflora of the human large intestine is a complex ecosystem consisting of several hundred species of microorganisms [5]. The composition of the microflora is remarkably stable; the species coexist without one or a few becoming dominant [12]. One of its most important contributions to the host is its ability to impede the colonization of the intestinal tract by nonindigenous mi...

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between behavioral and emotional engagement of Iranian EFL learners and their attachment to their teachers. Both teachers’ and students’ perceptions of their relationships and students’ engagement have been taken into account. Questionnaire data provided by 311 EFL students and 70 EFL  teachers was used to investigate the relation betwee...

BACKGROUND Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is associated with early childhood maltreatment and has unknown population prevalence beyond infancy. AIMS To estimate RAD prevalence in a deprived population of children. METHOD All 1646 children aged 6-8 years old in a deprived sector of an urban UK centre were screened for RAD symptoms. Parents of high and low scorers were interviewed using s...