glaucoma, a group of multifactor ocular diseases, is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. primary open angle (poa) is the most common type of glaucoma, characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration. numerous genes and proteins have been revealed to be associated with poag, but the pathologic mechanisms of the disease are still poorly understood. proteomics, the collective st...

Macrophages in adipose tissue are associated with obesity-induced low-grade inflammation, which contributed to insulin resistance and the related metabolic diseases. Previous studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) on metabolic disorders and inflammation. Here we investigated the effects of CYP2J2-EETs-sEH metabolic pathway on insulin resistance in mice a...

Living organisms exhibit dynamic shifts of metabolic pathways to cope with various perturbations. Such temporal change of modus operandi is one of the key mechanisms characterizing metabolic behavior. In this review, we highlight the importance and potential of dynamic modeling in understanding and harnessing metabolic systems, in particular, for bioprocess optimization and metabolic engineerin...

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is an ester of caffeic acid and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyllacticacid. It is commonly found in Coleus blumei, Salvia officinalis, Melissa officinalis and Rosmarinus officinalis. The biosynthesis of RA starts with precursor molecules L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine. Simulation of RA biosynthetic pathway was done using Gepasi Software, includes the reaction kinetics of each step of t...

We performed analyses of the phenotypic and genotypic relationships focusing on biosyntheses of amino acids, purine/pyrimidines, and cofactors in three Lactobacillus strains. We found that Lactobacillus fermentum IFO 3956 perhaps synthesized para-aminobenzoate (PABA), an intermediate of folic acid biosynthesis, by an alternative pathway.

Proliferating cells adapt metabolism to support the conversion of available nutrients into biomass. How cell metabolism is regulated to balance the production of ATP, metabolite building blocks, and reducing equivalents remains uncertain. Proliferative metabolism often involves an increased rate of glycolysis. A key regulated step in glycolysis is catalyzed by pyruvate kinase to convert phospho...

Clusters of functionally related genes are a general feature of prokaryotic gene organization but are much less prevalent in eukaryotes. The discovery that genes for certain types of metabolic pathways are clustered in filamentous fungi is relatively recent. Only 8 years ago in a discussion of the proline utilization pathway genes, Hull et al. (1989) commented that ‘‘The organization and regula...

The Metabolic Pathway Collection from EMP is an extraction of data from the larger Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways database (EMP). This extraction has been made publicly available in the hope that others will find it useful for a variety of purposes. The original release in October 1995 contained 1814 distinct pathways. The current collection contains 2180. Metabolic reconstructions for the firs...

As the focus of microbial metabolic engineering shifts to include bulk commodities, two aspects of this research have become increasingly important. One is the requirement for high production titers in order to make the process economically viable. The second is to engineer microbes that are tolerant to these target products, many of which are toxic to cell growth. This review focuses on recent...

PuMPE is a comprehensive resource that provides integrated information on metabolome of bacterial systems. The genome data is annotated to infer metabolic pathways using in-house tools and web-based sources. PuMPE introduces a novel aspect of metabolic categorization. It is the first resource to provide metabolome-based tree computed by comparing metabolome between bacteria. PuMPE has metabolic...