We show that the Proca equation in vacuum, as well its plausible modifications dielectric media, is incompatible with experimental evidence, no matter how small mass is.Received 18 March 2022Revised 21 December 2022Accepted 6 February 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.107.056013© 2023 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)PropertiesMassParticles & Fields

We employ a large scale molecular simulation based on bond-order ReaxFF to simulate the chemical reaction and study the damage to a large fragment of DNA molecule in the solution by ionizing radiation. We illustrate that the randomly distributed clusters of diatomic OH radicals that are primary products of megavoltage ionizing radiation in water-based systems are the main source of hydrogen abs...