The identification of timber types has become very important especially for identifying the name because this name of a timber, determining the quality and price of timber, determining the tax for particular timbers, determining the price of a timber based on the quality. Until now, these activities are still done manually in two ways: (1) using a magnifying glass to identify the cross-section ...

97 5. VARIABILITY IN THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR REGROWTH AND PLANTATION BLACKBUTT TIMBER IN NEW SOUTH WALES AND EVALUATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TIMBER PROPERTIES 5.1 Overview The variabilities in the mechanical properties for regrowth and plantation blackbutt timber, both in the timber’s green and dried states, have been investigated in this chapter. The shrinkage behaviour was measured, ...

BACKGROUND Local timber is still one of the main sources of work and income for mountain communities. However, illegal logging is a major cause of deforestation in many countries and has significant impacts on local communities and biodiversity. Techniques for tracing timber would provide a useful tool to protect local timber industries and contribute to the fight against illegal logging. Altho...

We developed a two-stage approach (ACOLS) combining the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm and a 1-opt local search to solve forest transportation planning problems (FTPPs) considering fixed and variables costs and sediment yields expected to erode from road surfaces as side constraints. The ACOLS was designed for improving ACO performance and ensure the applicability to real-world, large-...

Introduction In normal times Great Britain imports all but 4 per cent. of the timber needed for her industrial requirements, chiefly from Canada, Scandinavia and the Baltic States, and forestry work in this country is carried on by the Forestry Commission and private owners, who do research and reafforestation, and clean up woodland areas. War with Germany, however, resulted in a rapid and cons...

The Amazon forest is being exploited for timber production. The harvest removes trees, used by sand flies as resting sites, and decreases the canopy, used as refuges by some hosts. The present study evaluated the impact of the timber harvest, the abundance of sand flies, and their trypanosomatid infection rates before and after selective logging. The study was accomplished in terra-firme produc...

The use of small-diameter timber in construction has been investigated. The aim of the work is to increase the use of the wood harvested in forest thinning in construction applications. The work has covered a wide range of aspects, from availability of the material to design of the structures. This publication summarizes the results in following areas: availability, dimensions and quality of co...

(1) The assessment of the mechanical properties old timber is essential for proper maintenance wooden structures. (2) Among non-destructive properties, dynamic modulus elasticity one best predictors characteristics members, but it requires determination wood density to be determined. (3) Thus, was estimated by drilling resistance measurements, developing species-specific prediction equations si...

Perfect competition has long been the standard by which economists have judged the market’s ability to achieve an efficient social outcome. The competitive process, unfettered by the imperfections discussed below, forges an outcome in which goods and services are produced at their lowest possible cost, and market equilibrium is achieved at the point at which the cost of the last unit supplied j...

One of the goals that the Innovative Bridge Research and Construction (IRBC) program, sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), wishes to achieve through sponsored research projects is the concept of an economical, durable, short-span bridge that reduces construction time. Delaware County, Iowa took a step in that direction through the construction of a 64 ft. long bridge comprise...