Cranial kinesis in birds is induced by muscles located caudal on the cranium. These forces are transferred onto the moveable parts of the skull via the Pterygoid-Palatinum Complex (PPC). This bony structure therefore plays an essential role in cranial kinesis. In palaeognathous birds the morphology of the PPC is remarkably different from that of neognathous birds and is thought to be related to...

To the Editors: Ocular motility problems related to congenital abnormalities of the extraocular muscles are rare. Such congenital abnormalities may present in a spectrum from accessory additional rectus muscles to the absence of extraocular muscles.1-5 Absence of one or more extraocular muscles is a rare condition usually seen in association with craniofacial syndromes. We present a case of bil...

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and intensity of masticatory muscle and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain in Croatian war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The examined group consisted of 100 Croatian war veterans, in whom PTSD had previously been diagnosed. Patients were compared with 92 subjects who had not taken part in the war and in whom PTSD was ...

The aim of this study is to introduce a surgical technique that can maintain blood supply to prevent condylar resorption in the extracorporeal reduction of condylar fracture. Neither the medial pterygoid muscle on the ramal bone nor the lateral pterygoid muscle on the condylar fragment was detached after vertical ramal osteotomy. Thus, reduction was performed in the intracorporeal state. Theref...

In recent years, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has improved the treatment of sinus disorders. However, various orbital complications have been reported, including optic nerve damage, orbital hemorrhage, infection, lacrimal drainage system injury, and strabismus. Complications are rare but may cause severe morbidity. We describe two patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery pr...

Abstract Superior sulcus tumors, also known as Pancoast present in a distinctive way with Horner's syndrome (ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis), hand weakness brought on by the atrophy of intrinsic muscles, excruciating pain along medial aspect arm. (1) Primary lung cancers constitute majority but can be multifactorial. (2) Here, we case 62-year-old male who presented right shoulder for 2 months. ...

Introduction Understanding the anatomy of pterygomandibular fossa is crucial for dentists since it is one of the target spaces for inferior alveolar nerve blocks prior to dental treatment. Failure of achieving adequate anesthesia was reported in 20% of inferior alveolar blocks [1]. The sphenomandibular ligament and the interpterygoid fascia are integral structures that define this area [2]. The...

BACKGROUND Fractures of mid-face were first described by Le Fort and are classified into three categories - Le Fort I, Le Fort II and Le Fort III. The pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone are fractured in all the three categories of Le Fort fractures as the sphenoid bone connects the cranium vault to the facial bones. Fractures of the pterygoid processes without associated Le Fort fractures...