To better understand disuse muscle atrophy, via magnetic resonance imaging, we sequentially measured muscle cross-sectional area along the entire length of all individual muscles from the hip to ankle in nine male subjects participating in 60-day head-down tilt bed rest (2nd Berlin BedRest Study; BBR2-2). We hypothesized that individual muscles would not atrophy uniformly along their length suc...

The purpose of this study is to investigate healthy people’s and patients’ lower extremity muscle activities during robotic gait using kinesiology analysis. Initially, signals were taken from 6 paraplegic patients such as spinal cord injury (SCI) stroke patients, 2 hemiplegic 4 persons. Then, analyzed by signal processing techniques filtering, rectifying, Root Mean Square (RMS) also calculating...

Popliteal cyst (Baker’s cyst) was first described by Adams in 1840, popularized by Baker in 1877, and was theorized as an enlarged gastrocnemiussemimembranosus bursa that communicated with the knee and trapped synovial fluid.1 Numerous bursa are located in the popliteal space between the knee ligaments, hamstring tendons, gastrocnemius muscle, and collateral ligaments. The two proposed etiologi...

There are many circumstances where it is desirable to obtain the contractile response of skeletal muscle under physiological circumstances: normal circulation, intact whole muscle, at body temperature. This includes the study of contractile responses like posttetanic potentiation, staircase and fatigue. Furthermore, the consequences of disease, disuse, injury, training and drug treatment can ...

purpose: to investigate demographic, clinical and histopathologic features of consecutive exotropia. methods: patients with consecutive exotropia who underwent surgery in farabi hospital between september 2014 and april 2015 were enrolled in this study. after complete ophthalmologic examination and far and near deviation measurement, all patients with negative forced duction test underwent 4-mm...