Sparse wavelength conversion and appropriate routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithms are the two key factors in improving the blocking performance in wavelength-routed all-optical networks. It has been shown that the optimal placement of a limited number of wavelength converters in an arbitrary mesh network is an NP-complete problem. There have been various heuristic algorithms propo...

We consider the problem of designing a logical optical network topology for a given physical topology (or fiber layout) and a given traffic demand matrix between the end-users. Traffic between the end-users is carried in a packet-switched form and the objective of our logical topology design is to minimize the maximum congestion on the logical connections in the logical topology. The logical co...

A simulation study has been performed in order to show the influence of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) distribution together with the corresponding error distribution on the resulting Ångström exponent (AE) distribution. It will be shown that the Ångström exponent frequency of occurrence distribution is only normal distributed when the relative error at the two wavelengths used for estimation ...

Glossary Deep water A surface wave is said to be in deep water if its wavelength is much shorter than the local water depth. Internal wave A internal wave travels within the interior of a fluid. The maximum velocity and maximum amplitude occur within the fluid or at an internal boundary (interface). Internal waves depend on the density-stratification of the fluid. Shallow water A surface wave i...

In this paper, 2,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indolin was synthesized by phenylhydrazine and 3-methyl-2-butanone as raw materials in the acetic acid reacted with different nitrogenalkylating reagents. Semi mono-cyanine dye and semi dicyanine dye were prepared with the help of squaric acid diethyl ester. The spectral properties of the target products were checked. The results show that compared with symmetr...

The visible and NIR maximum degree of polarization (DoP) of cloud-free skylight depends on many factors, including wavelength, sun zenith angle, surface reflectance, and aerosol properties. For clear-sky environments, radiative transfer models accurately estimate the sky DoP when each of these properties is well constrained. (The model used here was recently compared with full-sky polarization ...

In this paper, 2,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indolin was synthesised by phenylhydrazine and 3-methyl-2-butanone as raw materials in the acetic acid, and then was reacted with different nitrogen lkylating reagents. The two kinds of conducts acted with squaric diethyl ester respectively to prepare mono-semicynine dye and dis-semicyanine dye. The spectral properties of the target products were checked. The r...

Localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of metal nanostructures are highly related to the shape, which could greatly enhance the light−matter interaction at nanoscale. Here, we investigate the LSPRs of gold nanostars corresponding to the unique morphology and demonstrate surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activities and nonlinear refraction properties of two typical structures. By ad...